Numpy 练习题 [python]

Generate matrices A, with random Gaussian entries, B, a Toeplitz matrix, where A ∈ Rn×m and B ∈ Rm×m, for n = 200, m = 500.

Exercise 9.1  Matrix operations

Calculate A + A, AA^T, A^TA and AB. Write a function that computes A(B -tI) for any t.

import numpy as np  
from scipy.linalg import toeplitz 
n = 500
m = 200
A = np.random.normal(0, 1, (n, m))
B = toeplitz([np.random.randint(0,10) for i in range(m)])
I = np.eye(m)

def my_cal(A, B, c, I):
    print("A(B − λI):")
    print(np.dot(A, B - c * I))
    
print(I)
print("A + A = ")
print(A + A)
print("A * A^T = ")
print(np.dot(A, (A.T)))
print("A^T * A = ")
print(np.dot((A.T), A))
print("A * B = ")  
print(np.dot(A, B))
c = input("Please input the number λ: ")
my_cal(A, B, (float)(c), I)

输出如下：

A + A =
[[ 3.06909086 -1.50271134  0.67174266 ... -3.10578702 -2.23321335
   3.59647301]
 [ 1.47597495 -3.17790483 -0.68489134 ...  0.24584515  2.11483797
  -2.32826117]
 [-0.92104658 -1.07095285 -0.5354614  ... -5.32512822 -1.39767061
  -0.9678747 ]
 ...
 [ 3.71809692 -1.40291651 -0.11921303 ...  2.55538161 -1.57372239
   2.35351413]
 [-1.08751964  4.01600624 -0.70876684 ...  2.60531867  1.75911318
   0.46472421]
 [ 2.41136412  2.44978935 -1.32850447 ... -1.96899581 -4.35339454
  -0.13607945]]
A * A^T =
[[548.29952494 -22.09141065   9.61249477 ...   6.7253801  -58.35455005
  -18.42045925]
 [-22.09141065 506.6149021   22.11848442 ...  24.97457073 -14.13473161
   -4.01925732]
 [  9.61249477  22.11848442 503.26137116 ...  -0.97582535  25.21591873
    8.60506048]
 ...
 [  6.7253801   24.97457073  -0.97582535 ... 494.30333535  47.9519977
  -38.59133845]
 [-58.35455005 -14.13473161  25.21591873 ...  47.9519977  503.92636209
   16.84103945]
 [-18.42045925  -4.01925732   8.60506048 ... -38.59133845  16.84103945
  528.13223938]]
A^T * A =
[[205.70542049  -4.40435249  -6.0173339  ...   8.65782328  -6.40483879
   21.34610686]
 [ -4.40435249 221.5055544   -3.5043793  ...   3.36388935   2.85606594
   11.60282367]
 [ -6.0173339   -3.5043793  193.97071406 ...   2.84577274  -2.42543091
    7.48245373]
 ...
 [  8.65782328   3.36388935   2.84577274 ... 249.3008149   14.64135152
  -11.66543594]
 [ -6.40483879   2.85606594  -2.42543091 ...  14.64135152 212.78225417
   19.72743095]
 [ 21.34610686  11.60282367   7.48245373 ... -11.66543594  19.72743095
  222.30600027]]
A * B =
[[ 236.66845275  -27.29305289   27.01271686 ...  -42.91157397
   139.93292964   92.40224676]
 [ -24.57688845 -176.99066409 -101.23252293 ...  -90.8795647
    15.47198343 -106.32165478]
 [  86.97564604   28.81030362  -54.15793908 ...   18.06059017
   -33.46252969   64.10356434]
 ...
 [  84.60859263   73.87854772  -12.21131522 ...  -23.99543969
    81.70987545  147.86192277]
 [ 204.59927798  162.3218905   212.20593848 ...  109.67763438
   109.1394425   114.76613906]
 [  54.69245838   -9.34945747  156.27873985 ...  127.02542345
    53.03847578   15.25735865]]
Please input the number λ: 3
A(B − λI):
[[ 232.06481646  -25.03898589   26.00510288 ...  -38.25289345
   143.28274966   87.00753725]
 [ -26.79085088 -172.22380685 -100.20518591 ...  -91.24833243
    12.29972647 -102.82926303]
 [  88.35721591   30.41673289  -53.35474698 ...   26.0482825
   -31.36602378   65.55537639]
 ...
 [  79.03144725   75.98292249  -12.03249567 ...  -27.8285121
    84.07045903  144.33165158]
 [ 206.23055744  156.29788114  213.26908874 ...  105.76965637
   106.50077273  114.06905275]
 [  51.0754122   -13.0241415   158.27149656 ...  129.97891716
    59.56856759   15.46147783]]

Exercise 9.2  Solving a linear system：

Generate a vector b with m entries and solve Bx = b.

import numpy as np  
from scipy.linalg import toeplitz 
n = 200
m = 500
B = toeplitz([np.random.randint(0,10) for i in range(m)])
b = np.random.randint(0, 10, m)

print("The solution of Bx = b: ")
print(np.linalg.solve(B,b))

输出如下：

The solution of Bx = b:
[-0.44824098 -0.03220555  1.81374464  0.4412983  -0.01355246 -0.39036682
 -0.74736775 -0.04613821  0.58183856  1.37922975 -0.6072447   0.41451853
 -0.29337274  0.23946239 -0.33755649  0.32935062  0.38822194 -0.07338522
  0.47738232 -1.53009123  1.68666719 -0.89777971 -0.97010471  0.05142401
 -0.70895877  0.42823973 -0.26575333  0.54400576 -0.96304928 -0.05186556
  0.61981005 -0.14153431  1.06969075  0.28451017 -0.00497315 -1.09306304
  0.17499214 -0.33512127  0.23583123 -0.10216405 -2.64940533  0.17015912
 -0.94892919  0.38938615  0.36898975  1.04665965 -1.49712064  0.0185039
  1.39980762 -0.71347249  2.03700789 -1.20304172  0.80022708 -0.5281429
 -0.56147942  0.67418818 -0.29262279  1.25352396 -1.56468146  1.09701217
 -1.0005353   0.84517154  2.06553476 -1.37338196  0.40809092 -0.70089702
  2.4175596  -1.90289553 -0.29376839  0.30483825 -1.37250389  0.50120982
 -1.43374031  1.93411667 -0.92270928  0.18149932 -0.41600039  1.81648341
  2.86788032 -1.21939664  2.02910781 -2.39405009  0.34451828 -1.14673104
 -0.47423046  1.14797527 -0.71623474 -0.75546384 -2.68725788  1.9430062
 -1.07866925  0.2064839  -0.14075385  0.31404969  1.50888398 -0.49432313
  3.60452548 -1.58935591 -0.0907105  -0.69000366  0.00741395  0.82202619
 -0.34526596  1.33702824 -3.30618512  1.53395755 -0.78066625  0.24721687
  1.16230487 -0.73908116  0.74614957 -1.97559296  2.44479381 -0.448386
  0.05276791  0.54267293 -0.90078373 -0.03978781 -1.77845108  2.46897471
 -0.99612562 -1.00379242 -1.34053095 -0.02894756  2.44328091 -0.99285811
  1.70252546 -1.3389048   0.77173685  0.04279382 -0.41881292  1.68251264
 -0.11922023 -0.40081827 -2.4804488   2.29099515  0.03556716 -0.51532943
  0.05282987 -1.78336748  0.43294898 -0.71234207  1.1277306  -0.53397058
  0.36259264  0.68728333 -0.85219199 -0.25694065  0.39110751  1.76443833
 -1.5884575   0.06221241 -0.34859658 -0.04269303  1.65378051 -0.42615014
 -0.05740766 -0.92265983  0.45879379 -1.38161992  0.93793119  0.37011633
 -0.9095583  -0.13928365 -0.09082968  1.11161    -0.71682695  0.99362698
 -1.53545494  0.09618673  1.6856487  -0.87278375  0.67127594  0.59932326
 -0.45912452 -0.88597836  2.24854683 -0.83671294 -1.53818519  2.14821902
 -1.1180676  -1.19430981  0.93372632  1.19277484 -1.80819226  0.80696807
  1.29067777 -3.2305663   0.46595003  1.11469545 -0.40742758 -0.86858827
  0.55219908 -1.41780735 -0.588899    1.96372431 -1.59729475 -0.06582068
  1.10609806  0.45042337 -0.64609912  0.84046538  1.86266182 -0.95877205
  0.48150318  0.13542555 -0.00366917 -0.36694069 -0.6366165  -0.23585867
 -0.05460575  0.64733502 -1.07802907 -0.45962326  1.59456695  0.96298101
 -1.46394751 -0.42809779  0.42647969  0.29609916  1.73129808 -1.10497974
 -0.75922939  0.6504216   0.45798529 -1.74723878 -0.01091872  1.92624299
 -2.36719553  0.09884489  2.03880464  0.3127398  -1.26295423  0.08871769
  0.60524821 -0.15227317  1.83550755 -3.13510034 -0.34363606  0.9159489
 -1.43152284 -0.68733349 -0.5537071   1.53077008 -2.57299019  0.36750835
  0.03768743  1.39099913  1.49898925 -1.42211631  1.58984028 -0.82049406
  2.26261338 -0.47822612 -0.40814039  1.19237115 -0.26392994 -0.85817118
 -2.2287237   2.44906459 -0.72464974 -1.87708791  0.48131874  0.41217291
  0.26653417 -0.47320362 -0.35557935 -1.69481858  2.44334753  0.74464318
 -2.84408642  1.27512914 -0.017323   -1.83492618 -0.10480775  3.21341275
 -1.08281818 -1.44101704  1.26697173  0.15184536  0.70048668  0.16128129
 -0.55318241 -0.31112269  1.54874999 -0.11032858 -0.95356757 -0.10500003
  0.45196014 -0.62578592 -1.53028011  0.62663416 -0.49818266  0.38987972
  0.67250286 -0.53698734  1.28094183  0.24819322  0.25228437 -0.30309929
  1.97321415 -0.30735646 -1.53969154  1.12701784  0.11793916  0.0543041
 -0.46849866  0.09761009 -1.51004807  0.6306688   0.73295614 -2.27999764
  1.24754945  0.67398116 -1.26592654 -0.37405361  1.73051704 -1.83134927
 -1.14560668  2.41844879 -2.1972351  -0.16991387  0.98790916  0.13618129
 -0.74554222  0.57910975  0.8391428  -1.68982647  2.26414889  0.37830795
 -0.67514601 -0.56549655  0.48847833  0.27876414  0.32154865  1.25605606
 -2.35992556  0.20263144 -0.53657625 -0.1468368   0.38406374  0.44287562
 -0.74288482 -1.39025794  1.24823888  0.09916711  0.9914596  -1.01960184
 -0.555636    0.40884663  0.26358068  1.06619694 -0.48732893  1.68986648
 -0.39922758 -0.13361676 -0.28209175 -0.19515669  0.89949303 -0.90650173
 -0.26864915 -2.4824621   1.54784148  0.53948448 -0.25789394 -0.50159939
 -1.34539936  1.52122823 -1.28021888  1.97693525  0.33835899  0.84861753
 -0.28580302 -1.14101725  2.28492715 -0.15872606  0.73598089 -3.65178828
  0.31673453  0.88673944 -1.04152359  1.29096748 -1.226068    1.04941052
 -2.42914133  0.42156119  1.28723457  0.19663013  1.20851639 -1.4204899
  1.40790844 -2.37153051  1.87932093 -0.15352219 -1.14613241  0.7959744
 -1.97018239  1.49923224 -1.31298629  1.66190497 -2.063282   -0.13170104
  1.83752804  0.21730412  2.13318616 -0.43832426  1.08827652 -2.98104791
  0.4286207   1.34720304 -1.02573199  0.25595686 -1.55738446  0.93984216
 -2.06288254  0.72733908 -0.34450551  0.26380071  0.53436441 -1.3321137
  2.07038061  0.03108279  1.98016263 -2.1927902   0.3645062   0.85023249
 -1.61883038  0.89106295 -1.1415652   0.91665095 -1.4127007   0.39769579
  0.56088305  1.55554248  0.47525718 -2.55085632  2.85826982 -1.27815487
  1.14273352  0.38662133 -1.28269646  0.43086785 -1.43298732  0.6965344
 -0.90327023  1.26387946 -0.61233305 -0.174021    0.09910602 -0.26505906
  2.47106106  0.40779554  0.79778609 -1.09951995  1.03944574 -0.18798719
 -0.59360861  1.27492692 -1.91403799 -0.90316589 -0.55142006  0.30027707
 -0.79725678  0.76434286 -0.22954343 -0.24814066  1.05009068 -1.23485443
  0.93283384 -0.34947841 -0.70314712  0.21755862  0.03320248  0.44181187
 -0.80181721  0.66384721 -2.75930063  0.07698611  0.70236514 -0.02239141
  0.72902157 -0.24415311  0.1826949  -1.15697855  0.23453216  0.03860282
  1.13587753 -0.03266215 -0.75498006 -0.16954901  0.22533164  0.37443543
 -0.25105086  0.71935608 -0.34317277  0.04691082  1.38414939  0.01119389
 -0.49946384  0.57299072]

Exercise 9.3 Norms:

Compute the Frobenius norm of A: ||A||F and the infinity norm of B: ||B||∞. Also find the largest and smallest singular values of B.

import numpy as np  
from scipy.linalg import toeplitz 
n = 200
m = 500
A = np.random.normal(0, 1, (n, m))
B = toeplitz([np.random.randint(0,10) for i in range(m)])

A2 = np.linalg.norm(A, 'fro')  
B2 = np.linalg.norm(B, np.inf)
B_lar = np.linalg.norm(B, 2)  
B_sma = np.linalg.norm(B, -2)  

print(A2)
print(B2)
print(B_lar)
print(B_sma)

输出如下：

315.60883018142715
2374.0
2312.772676799252
0.15646103735605557

Exercise 9.4  Power iteration

Generate a matrix Z, n × n, with Gaussian entries, and use the power iteration to find the largest eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector of Z. How many iterations are needed till convergence? Optional: use the time.clock() method to compare computation time when varying n.

import numpy as np  
from scipy.linalg import toeplitz
import time
n = 200
m = 500

Z = np.random.standard_normal((n, n))
u = np.ones(n)
v = np.zeros(n)
pre_norm = 0
norm = 0
times = 0
 
begin = time.clock()
while(True):
    v = np.dot(Z, u)
    pre_norm = norm
    norm = np.linalg.norm(v)
    u = v / norm
    times += 1
    if abs(pre_norm - norm) < 0.0001:
        break;
end = time.clock()
      
print("The largest eigenvalue:", norm)  
print("Corresponding eigenvector of Z:", u)
print("The number of iterations:" + str(times))
print("computation time when varying n:" + str(end - begin))  

输出如下：

The largest eigenvalue: 15.200900929346451
Corresponding eigenvector of Z: [-1.14731895e-02  9.42801461e-03 -4.04150247e-02  9.81546599e-02
  3.52152633e-02 -4.08718447e-02 -2.95951376e-02  3.93807870e-02
  1.39358709e-01 -1.32021601e-01 -1.44349578e-01 -4.51490068e-02
  9.51033349e-02  4.71623726e-02  1.13235365e-01  6.26852463e-02
 -3.56166041e-02  6.29540111e-02  5.42150122e-02  2.23907266e-02
 -5.52446196e-02  7.69890409e-02  1.64605084e-02 -1.87844950e-02
  1.21030001e-01 -2.65989590e-02  1.35470106e-02  3.89178506e-02
 -4.17412216e-02  9.26525008e-03  8.25676715e-02  6.71128335e-02
  1.14204924e-01  5.86248021e-02 -1.11327780e-01 -5.81774182e-02
 -8.59467401e-02 -8.87568329e-02 -7.85659847e-02  5.10298141e-02
 -9.68843831e-02  6.71582436e-02  4.13938531e-02  8.91483179e-02
 -1.23786452e-01 -2.97610416e-02  4.46252134e-02  5.81759486e-02
 -1.76586238e-01 -1.53018604e-02  1.54390064e-02  4.02398644e-02
  4.29025575e-02 -9.22062607e-02 -2.99578283e-02  2.11115518e-02
  1.34826503e-02 -9.92132979e-02 -3.41721527e-02  4.13765430e-02
 -1.41104890e-01 -7.73876725e-02 -9.72115593e-02  2.14377271e-02
  6.94090409e-02  1.49404842e-02  8.19133591e-02 -1.61907357e-01
 -4.29362657e-02 -8.09238358e-02  4.61278491e-02  5.93444162e-02
 -4.33299497e-02  1.02202985e-01 -2.09846961e-02 -4.99593730e-02
 -1.29381050e-01 -2.81452306e-02  1.13295288e-02  5.45862897e-03
 -3.13343705e-02  4.33865599e-02 -2.01847366e-02  4.00688664e-02
  1.73723213e-02  6.75257373e-03  1.33495749e-01  4.68714464e-02
 -2.41090157e-01  5.40500673e-02 -6.06024347e-02 -4.85938900e-02
  4.26997388e-02 -9.40615908e-02  6.17413974e-02  9.54825826e-02
  9.17930969e-02  6.15821339e-02 -8.56989272e-02 -1.84444627e-02
 -4.20425616e-02 -3.76304070e-02  1.87121933e-02  7.02431720e-02
 -4.79581906e-02  7.05911277e-02 -1.03288683e-01 -3.42367249e-02
 -1.18996613e-01  3.14566628e-02 -6.34884640e-02 -2.15387709e-01
  1.32810814e-02  1.13452294e-01  1.04389748e-01  6.71979968e-02
 -4.36684269e-02 -1.96167919e-04 -5.99281737e-02  1.31793390e-02
 -6.53129295e-02 -8.34611090e-02 -2.65876454e-02  4.25101142e-02
 -7.70502828e-02  6.79670610e-02 -3.23646949e-02  3.86981290e-02
 -5.39490220e-02  2.92184487e-02 -3.04640871e-02  2.20306888e-02
  4.29551104e-02 -3.34750777e-02 -1.03229333e-02  1.93650503e-02
  8.71637825e-03  1.03078350e-01  1.07419862e-02  1.68272508e-02
  5.60494678e-02  5.26203271e-02 -4.34830417e-02  1.95274650e-02
  7.15958307e-02 -7.47595800e-02 -3.54054934e-02  6.66471996e-02
  8.92114090e-02 -1.15165937e-02 -1.02412039e-01  7.53313890e-02
  9.92019524e-02  2.43534342e-02  1.40054058e-01  4.30342573e-02
 -5.95339189e-02  3.97489396e-02  6.73751708e-02  8.14437730e-02
 -1.91478678e-02 -8.94141562e-02  4.90277269e-02 -2.27002768e-02
  1.72718763e-02 -1.39956589e-02 -3.52642516e-02  2.70007985e-02
  7.81086303e-02 -3.51542992e-02 -3.55865654e-02  2.11633876e-02
  1.10366834e-01  1.62505102e-01 -3.22271520e-02  2.05625980e-02
  7.08360512e-02 -7.14171038e-03 -6.11032006e-02  5.05730836e-02
  9.07097137e-02 -2.93299328e-02  6.26671309e-03  1.26285809e-02
  2.56939167e-02 -4.28000902e-02  8.99104922e-02  5.57371443e-02
  1.87344526e-02  8.54262463e-02 -9.42757367e-03  9.05770263e-02
  2.23682532e-02 -1.46415077e-01  3.58280985e-02  1.09306994e-01
 -1.21751705e-02  5.31834671e-02 -8.79505041e-02 -3.37310286e-02]
The number of iterations:121
computation time when varying n:0.007173537484538687

Exercise 9.5  Singular values

Generate an n × n matrix, denoted by C, where each entry is 1 withprobability p and 0 otherwise. Use
the linear algebra library of Scipy to compute the singular values of C. What can you say about the

relationship between n, p and the largest singular value?

import numpy as np  
from scipy.linalg import toeplitz
import time
n = 200
m = 500

p = 0.25
C = np.random.binomial(1, p, (n, n))

singular_lar = np.linalg.norm(C, 2)  
singular_sma = np.linalg.norm(C, -2)

print("singular_lar :")
print(singular_lar)
print("singular_sma :")
print(singular_sma)

输出如下：

singular_lar :
50.524087762206875
singular_sma :
0.03127772809208633

Exercise 9.6  Nearest neighbor

Write a function that takes a value z and an array A and nds the element in A that is closest to z. The function should return the closest value, not index.
Hint: Use the built-in functionality of Numpy rather than writing code to nd this value manually. In particular, use brackets and argmin.

import numpy as np  
from scipy.linalg import toeplitz
import time
n = 200
m = 500

A = np.random.standard_normal(n)
z = np.random.random_sample(1)
B = A - z
print("The value of z is:")
print(z[0])
c = np.argmin(np.abs(B))
print("The element in A that is closest to z:")
print(A[c])

输出如下：

The value of z is:
0.3790872229529858
The element in A that is closest to z:
0.3835423752654716