介绍(Introduction):
本篇论文主要利用距离嵌入(Metric Embedding)将每个POI映射到一个低维的欧拉空间当中,有效地利用马尔科夫链模型预测POI的变化,用两个POI的欧拉距离衡量两者的序列关系,并且进一步提出了成对排序(pair-wise ranking)的距离嵌入,可以对空间中潜在的POI进行排序,最后提出了个性化的距离嵌入排名(PRME)算法,综合考虑序列信息和个人喜好,因为人们都倾向于拜访距离他们位置比较近的POI,所以考虑空间因素,将模型拓展为PRME-G模型。
论文原理:
论文使用了两个数据集,FourSquare在新加坡内的数据和Gowalla在加利福尼亚和内华达的数据,在使用前对数据集进行预处理,将访问少于10个POI的用户删除,以及将少于10个用户访问的POI删去。通过对数据的统计可以得到以下三个结论:
- 用户有探索新POI的倾向
- 时间局部性,用户访问两个POI的时间间隔不会很长
- 空间局部性,用户连续访问的两个POI的距离不会很远
当在短时间内发生两个check-in时,可以相信存在马尔科夫链的属性,也就是下一个POI很大程度上受当前POI的影响。基于这种短时间内的马尔科夫属性和人们探索新POI的倾向,我们可以定义本论文涉及推荐问题:给定一个用户u和他当前所处的位置l,从用户u没有访问过的POI中选择一个新的推荐给用户u。如果只是推荐一个POI,那么推荐用户u访问最频繁的POI就可能得到较高的正确率,但是我们要推荐新的POI,所以这种方法并不适用,它要使用更稀疏的历史数据推测转移概率,所以下一个新POI的推荐要比下一个POI推荐更难。
我们首先介绍使用成对排名的距离嵌入算法来对位置变换进行建模。距离嵌入模型适用于处理稀疏的数据和未观测到的数据。我们用高维空间的一个点表示现实世界的POI,用两个POI在高维空间中的欧拉距离表示两个POI转换的概率,距离越小,概率越大,把所有的POI嵌入到高维隐空间,我们的模型可以推测位置转换的概率,并且也可以用来给没有观测到的转换赋予有意义的概率。在距离嵌入模型中,每个POI在K维空间中用一个K维向量表示位置,我们的任务,就是通过访问序列来推测出表示POI的K维向量,转换概率如下所示:
上述式子只能表示已经观测到的POI转换关系,因为被观测到的数据非常稀疏,为了让学习到的向量关系符合POI转换的概率关系,我们需要充分利用没有观测到的数据,我们假设观测到的下一个POI和当前的POI更有关系,没有观测到POI影响更小,所以能够观测到的POI的排名应该比没有观测到的POI排名高,以此作为排名推测的依据。
POI推荐的目标就是提供对所有POI的排名,推荐排名最高的一项。我们可以进一步简化上面的概率表示:
接下来介绍个性化排名距离嵌入算法,下一个POI推荐不仅与当前位置有关,而且与用户的喜好有关,我们引入一个新的高维空间,将用户和POI嵌入到这个高维空间,用户u和位置l在空间中的欧拉距离表示u对l的喜爱程度,距离越近,喜爱程度越高,去的可能越大,综合考虑序列信息和个人喜好,用户将l作为下一个访问的POI的概率可以表示为:
根据之前提到的,马尔科夫链属性在两次短时间访问时才能凸显,所以当下一次访问和当前访问时间差距比较大时,可以不考虑序列信息,只考虑用户的喜好,所以可以改善表示为:
最后将地理因素考虑进模型,我们用当前POI的位置和下一次访问的位置之间的距离计算地理因素系数w,位置越近越近,w越小,可能性越大,同样,当两次时间差过大时,不考虑当前POI对下一次访问的影响,地理因子同样不需要考虑,所以最终的概率表示为:
该模型的最优化标准参考贝叶斯个性化推荐(BPR)的方法,最大化后验概率来推测参数,使用logistic函数表示条件概率,对参数使用高斯前验,最后加正则化参数,防止过拟合,损失函数为:
算法实现:
如果直接对上面的表达式利用梯度下降计算最值时的参数,计算量比较大,所以采用之前提到的排名原则,对用户u,当前位置lc,观测到的下一访问li,随机选择一个没有观测到过的位置lj,用户u在位置lc访问观测到的li的概率应该大于没有观测到的lj的概率,所以我们最小化的目标变为
当z最小时,前一项最小,概率大,后一项最大,概率小,符合预期,所以梯度下降算法用下列方式进行参数更新:
在算法实现过程中,首先获得数据元组,包括用户,当前位置,下一观测到的位置,随机选择一个没有观测到的位置,然后用期望为0,方差为0.01的正态分布随机初始化用户和POI在高维空间中向量位置,一个表示序列关系的空间,一个表示用户喜好的空间,然后用上面的参数更新方法更新参数,直到收敛,即损失函数最小,收敛后返回用户和POI在两个空间中的高维坐标。
在测试时,如果要推测用户u下一刻要访问哪一个POI,需要对所有未观测到的POI利用之前训练出的两个空间中的坐标计算出D,按D值进行排序,将D值最小的POI推荐给用户。
需要的数据集可以从http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/gaocong/data/poidata.zip下载,代码如下所示:
import os
import numpy as np
from math import radians, cos, sin, asin, sqrt, pow, log
def getUser():
fr=open("user.txt",'r')
user=[]
for line in fr.readlines():
user.append(line.strip())
fr.close()
return user
def getShop():
fr=open("shop.txt",'r')
shop=[]
for line in fr.readlines():
shop.append(line.strip())
fr.close()
return shop
def getTrainTuple(fileName):
data=[]
observedPOI={}
exUser=''
exShop=''
exTime=''
fr=open(fileName)
for line in fr.readlines():
lineArr=line.strip().split('\t')
user=lineArr[0]
shop=lineArr[1]
time=float(lineArr[4])*24+float(lineArr[3].split(':')[0])+float(lineArr[3].split(':')[1])/60.0
if user==exUser:
newTuple=[user,exShop,shop,exTime,time]
data.append(newTuple)
if user not in observedPOI.keys():
observedPOI[user]={}
if exShop not in observedPOI[user].keys():
observedPOI[user][exShop]=[]
observedPOI[user][exShop].append(shop)
exShop=shop
exTime=time
else:
exUser=user
exShop=shop
exTime=time
fr.close()
return data,observedPOI
def getTestTuple(fileName):
data=[]
exUser=''
exShop=''
exTime=''
fr=open(fileName)
for line in fr.readlines():
lineArr=line.strip().split('\t')
user=lineArr[0]
shop=lineArr[1]
time=float(lineArr[4])*24+float(lineArr[3].split(':')[0])+float(lineArr[3].split(':')[1])/60.0
if user==exUser:
newTuple=[user,exShop,shop,exTime,time]
data.append(newTuple)
exShop=shop
exTime=time
else:
exUser=user
exShop=shop
exTime=time
fr.close()
return data
def initVec():
userP={}
shopP={}
shopS={}
user=getUser()
shop=getShop()
for item in user:
userP[item]=np.random.normal(0,0.01,60)
for item in shop:
shopP[item]=np.random.normal(0,0.01,60)
shopS[item]=np.random.normal(0,0.01,60)
return userP,shopP,shopS
def loadFileWithDic(fileName):
fr=open(fileName,'r')
data={}
i=0
arr=[]
key=''
for line in fr.readlines():
if i==0:
key=line.strip().split('\t')[0]
temp=line.strip().split('\t')[1][1:].split(' ')
for item in temp:
if item!='':
arr.append(float(item))
i=1
else:
temp=line.strip().split(' ')
for item in temp:
if item!='' and item!=']':
if item[-1]==']':
arr.append(float(item[:-1]))
else:
arr.append(float(item))
if len(arr)==60:
i=0
data[key]=np.array(arr)
arr=[]
fr.close()
return data
def getVisited(fileName):
fr=open(fileName,'r')
visited={}
for line in fr.readlines():
lineArr=line.strip().split('\t')
user=lineArr[0]
shop=lineArr[1]
if user not in visited.keys():
visited[user]=[]
if shop not in visited[user]:
visited[user].append(shop)
fr.close()
return visited
def sigmoid(x):
return 1.0/(1.0+np.exp(float(-x)))
def Edis(a,b):
sum=0.0
for i in range(len(a)):
sum=sum+(a[i]-b[i])*(a[i]-b[i])
return sum
def train():
userP,shopP,shopS=initVec()
data,observedPOI=getTrainTuple('train.txt')
shop=getShop()
for i in range(500):
print("The "+str(i+1)+" is done!")
for item in data:
(user,exShop,Cshop,exTime,time)=item
shopJ=shop[int(np.random.uniform(len(shop)))]
while shopJ==exShop or shopJ in observedPOI[user][exShop]:
shopJ=shop[int(np.random.uniform(len(shop)))]
if time-exTime<6:
z=0.2*(Edis(userP[user],shopP[shopJ])-Edis(userP[user],shopP[Cshop]))+0.8*(Edis(shopS[exShop],shopS[shopJ])-Edis(shopS[exShop],shopS[Cshop]))
d=1-sigmoid(z)
userP[user]=userP[user]+0.005*(d*0.4*(shopP[Cshop]-shopP[shopJ])-0.006*userP[user])
shopP[Cshop]=shopP[Cshop]+0.005*(d*0.4*(userP[user]-shopP[Cshop])-0.006*shopP[Cshop])
shopP[shopJ]=shopP[shopJ]+0.005*(d*0.4*(shopP[shopJ]-userP[user])-0.006*shopP[shopJ])
shopS[exShop]=shopS[exShop]+0.005*(d*1.6*(shopS[Cshop]-shopS[shopJ])-0.006*shopS[exShop])
shopS[Cshop]=shopS[Cshop]+0.005*(d*1.6*(shopS[exShop])-shopS[Cshop]-0.006*shopS[Cshop])
shopS[shopJ]=shopS[shopJ]+0.005*(d*1.6*(shopS[shopJ]-shopS[exShop])-0.006*shopS[shopJ])
else:
z=Edis(userP[user],shopP[shopJ])-Edis(userP[user],shopP[Cshop])
d=1-sigmoid(z)
userP[user]=userP[user]+0.005*(d*2*(shopP[Cshop]-shopP[shopJ])-0.006*userP[user])
shopP[Cshop]=shopP[Cshop]+0.005*(d*2*(userP[user]-shopP[Cshop])-0.006*shopP[Cshop])
shopP[shopJ]=shopP[shopJ]+0.005*(d*2*(shopP[shopJ]-userP[user])-0.006*shopP[shopJ])
fr=open('userP1000.txt','w')
for key in userP.keys():
fr.write(str(key)+'\t'+str(userP[key])+'\n')
fr.close()
fr=open('shopP1000.txt','w')
for key in shopP.keys():
fr.write(str(key)+'\t'+str(shopP[key])+'\n')
fr.close()
fr=open('shopS1000.txt','w')
for key in shopS.keys():
fr.write(str(key)+'\t'+str(shopS[key])+'\n')
fr.close()
return userP,shopP,shopS
def test():
userP,shopP,shopS=train()
#userP=loadFileWithDic('userP.txt')
#shopS=loadFileWithDic('shopS.txt')
#shopP=loadFileWithDic('shopP.txt')
data=getTestTuple("test.txt")
visited=getVisited("train.txt")
user=getUser()
shop=getShop()
allNum=0
corNum=0
count=0
for item in data:
(Cuser,exShop,Cshop,exTime,time)=item
if Cuser not in user or exShop not in shop or Cshop not in shop or Cshop in visited[Cuser] or Cshop==exShop:
continue
allNum=allNum+1
if exShop not in visited[Cuser]:
visited[Cuser].append(exShop)
poss={}
count=count+1
for pShop in shop:
if pShop in visited[Cuser] or pShop==exShop:
continue
if (time-exTime)<6:
poss[pShop]=0.2*Edis(userP[Cuser],shopP[pShop])+0.8*Edis(shopS[exShop],shopS[pShop])
else:
poss[pShop]=Edis(userP[Cuser],shopP[pShop])
ans=min(poss.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[0]
if ans==Cshop:
corNum=corNum+1
print(str(corNum)+" : "+str(count))
print("The currect rate is "+str((100.0*float(corNum))/float(allNum))+"%.")
def haversine(lon1, lat1, lon2, lat2):
lon1, lat1, lon2, lat2 = map(radians, [lon1, lat1, lon2, lat2])
dlon = lon2 - lon1
dlat = lat2 - lat1
a = sin(dlat/2)**2 + cos(lat1) * cos(lat2) * sin(dlon/2)**2
c = 2 * asin(sqrt(a))
r = 6371
return c * r
def getPosition():
fileList=['New/FourSquare/train.txt','New/FourSquare/test.txt','New/FourSquare/tune.txt']
position={}
for fileName in fileList:
fr=open(fileName,'r')
for line in fr.readlines():
shop=line.strip().split('\t')[1]
if shop not in position.keys():
lat=float(line.strip().split('\t')[2].split(',')[0])
lon=float(line.strip().split('\t')[2].split(',')[1])
position[shop]={'lat':lat,'lon':lon}
fr.close()
return position
def trainG():
userP,shopP,shopS=initVec()
data,observedPOI=getTrainTuple('train.txt')
position=getPosition()
shop=getShop()
for i in range(500):
print("The "+str(i+1)+" is done!")
for item in data:
(user,exShop,Cshop,exTime,time)=item
shopJ=shop[int(np.random.uniform(len(shop)))]
while shopJ==exShop or shopJ in observedPOI[user][exShop]:
shopJ=shop[int(np.random.uniform(len(shop)))]
if time-exTime<6:
d1=haversine(position[exShop]['lat'],position[exShop]['lon'],position[Cshop]['lat'],position[Cshop]['lon'])
d2=haversine(position[exShop]['lat'],position[exShop]['lon'],position[shopJ]['lat'],position[shopJ]['lon'])
w1=pow(1+d1,0.25)
w2=pow(1+d2,0.25)
z=0.2*(w2*Edis(userP[user],shopP[shopJ])-w1*Edis(userP[user],shopP[Cshop]))+0.8*(w2*Edis(shopS[exShop],shopS[shopJ])-w1*Edis(shopS[exShop],shopS[Cshop]))
d=1-sigmoid(z)
userP[user]=userP[user]+0.005*(d*0.4*(w1*shopP[Cshop]-w2*shopP[shopJ])-0.006*userP[user])
shopP[Cshop]=shopP[Cshop]+0.005*(d*0.4*w1*(userP[user]-shopP[Cshop])-0.006*shopP[Cshop])
shopP[shopJ]=shopP[shopJ]+0.005*(d*0.4*w2*(shopP[shopJ]-userP[user])-0.006*shopP[shopJ])
shopS[exShop]=shopS[exShop]+0.005*(d*1.6*(w1*shopS[Cshop]-w2*shopS[shopJ])-0.006*shopS[exShop])
shopS[Cshop]=shopS[Cshop]+0.005*(d*1.6*w1*(shopS[exShop])-shopS[Cshop]-0.006*shopS[Cshop])
shopS[shopJ]=shopS[shopJ]+0.005*(d*1.6*w2*(shopS[shopJ]-shopS[exShop])-0.006*shopS[shopJ])
else:
z=Edis(userP[user],shopP[shopJ])-Edis(userP[user],shopP[Cshop])
d=1-sigmoid(z)
userP[user]=userP[user]+0.005*(d*2*(shopP[Cshop]-shopP[shopJ])-0.006*userP[user])
shopP[Cshop]=shopP[Cshop]+0.005*(d*2*(userP[user]-shopP[Cshop])-0.006*shopP[Cshop])
shopP[shopJ]=shopP[shopJ]+0.005*(d*2*(shopP[shopJ]-userP[user])-0.006*shopP[shopJ])
fr=open('userP.txt','w')
for key in userP.keys():
fr.write(str(key)+'\t'+str(userP[key])+'\n')
fr.close()
fr=open('shopP.txt','w')
for key in shopP.keys():
fr.write(str(key)+'\t'+str(shopP[key])+'\n')
fr.close()
fr=open('shopS.txt','w')
for key in shopS.keys():
fr.write(str(key)+'\t'+str(shopS[key])+'\n')
fr.close()
return userP,shopP,shopS
def testG():
userP,shopP,shopS=trainG()
#userP=loadFileWithDic('userP.txt')
#shopS=loadFileWithDic('shopS.txt')
#shopP=loadFileWithDic('shopP.txt')
data=getTestTuple("test.txt")
visited=getVisited("train.txt")
user=getUser()
shop=getShop()
allNum=0
corNum=0
count=0
for item in data:
(Cuser,exShop,Cshop,exTime,time)=item
if Cuser not in user or exShop not in shop or Cshop not in shop or Cshop in visited[Cuser] or Cshop==exShop:
continue
allNum=allNum+1
if exShop not in visited[Cuser]:
visited[Cuser].append(exShop)
poss={}
count=count+1
for pShop in shop:
if pShop in visited[Cuser] or pShop==exShop:
continue
if (time-exTime)<6:
d=haversine(position[exShop]['lat'],position[exShop]['lon'],position[pshop]['lat'],position[pshop]['lon'])
w=pow(1+d1,0.25)
poss[pShop]=w*(0.2*Edis(userP[Cuser],shopP[pShop])+0.8*Edis(shopS[exShop],shopS[pShop]))
else:
poss[pShop]=Edis(userP[Cuser],shopP[pShop])
ans=min(poss.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[0]
if ans==Cshop:
corNum=corNum+1
print(str(corNum)+" : "+str(count))
print("The currect rate is "+str((100.0*float(corNum))/float(allNum))+"%.")
代码如有问题,欢迎指正。