C#创建安全的字典(Dictionary)存储结构

   在上面介绍过栈（Stack）的存储结构，接下来介绍另一种存储结构字典（Dictionary）。 字典（Dictionary）里面的每一个元素都是一个键值对(由二个元素组成：键和值) 键必须是唯一的,而值不需要唯一的,键和值都可以是任何类型。字典(Dictionary)是常用于查找和排序的列表。

  接下来看一下Dictionary的部分方法和类的底层实现代码：

  1.Add：将指定的键和值添加到字典中。

public void Add(TKey key, TValue value) {
            Insert(key, value, true); 
        }

        private void Insert(TKey key, TValue value, bool add) {
 
            if( key == null ) { 
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument.key);
            } 

            if (buckets == null) Initialize(0);
            int hashCode = comparer.GetHashCode(key) & 0x7FFFFFFF;
            int targetBucket = hashCode % buckets.Length; 

#if FEATURE_RANDOMIZED_STRING_HASHING 
            int collisionCount = 0; 
#endif
 
            for (int i = buckets[targetBucket]; i >= 0; i = entries[i].next) {
                if (entries[i].hashCode == hashCode && comparer.Equals(entries[i].key, key)) {
                    if (add) {
                        ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Argument_AddingDuplicate); 
                    }
                    entries[i].value = value; 
                    version++; 
                    return;
                } 

#if FEATURE_RANDOMIZED_STRING_HASHING
                collisionCount++;
#endif 
            }
            int index; 
            if (freeCount > 0) { 
                index = freeList;
                freeList = entries[index].next; 
                freeCount--;
            }
            else {
                if (count == entries.Length) 
                {
                    Resize(); 
                    targetBucket = hashCode % buckets.Length; 
                }
                index = count; 
                count++;
            }

            entries[index].hashCode = hashCode; 
            entries[index].next = buckets[targetBucket];
            entries[index].key = key; 
            entries[index].value = value; 
            buckets[targetBucket] = index;
            version++; 

#if FEATURE_RANDOMIZED_STRING_HASHING
            if(collisionCount > HashHelpers.HashCollisionThreshold && HashHelpers.IsWellKnownEqualityComparer(comparer))
            { 
                comparer = (IEqualityComparer<TKey>) HashHelpers.GetRandomizedEqualityComparer(comparer);
                Resize(entries.Length, true); 
            } 
#endif
 
        }

   2.Clear()：从 Dictionary<TKey, TValue> 中移除所有的键和值。

        public void Clear() {
            if (count > 0) {
                for (int i = 0; i < buckets.Length; i++) buckets[i] = -1;
                Array.Clear(entries, 0, count); 
                freeList = -1;
                count = 0; 
                freeCount = 0; 
                version++;
            } 
        }

  3.Remove()：从 Dictionary<TKey, TValue> 中移除所指定的键的值。

        public bool Remove(TKey key) {
            if(key == null) {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument.key);
            } 

            if (buckets != null) { 
                int hashCode = comparer.GetHashCode(key) & 0x7FFFFFFF; 
                int bucket = hashCode % buckets.Length;
                int last = -1; 
                for (int i = buckets[bucket]; i >= 0; last = i, i = entries[i].next) {
                    if (entries[i].hashCode == hashCode && comparer.Equals(entries[i].key, key)) {
                        if (last < 0) {
                            buckets[bucket] = entries[i].next; 
                        }
                        else { 
                            entries[last].next = entries[i].next; 
                        }
                        entries[i].hashCode = -1; 
                        entries[i].next = freeList;
                        entries[i].k