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China  officially the People's Republic of China (PRC)  is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia  With a population of over 1 381 billion  it is the world's most populous state [16] The state is governed by the Communist Party of China based in the capital of Beijing [17] It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces  five autonomous regions  four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing  Tianjin  Shanghai  and Chongqing)  two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau)  and claims sovereignty over Taiwan  The country's major urban areas include Shanghai  Guangzhou  Beijing  Chongqing  Shenzhen  Tianjin and Hong Kong  China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia  and has been characterized as a potential superpower [18][19] Covering approximately 9 6 million square kilometers  China is the world's second largest state by land area [20] and either the third or fourth-largest by total area  depending on the method of measurement [i] China's landscape is vast and diverse  ranging from forest steppes and the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in the arid north to subtropical forests in the wetter south  The Himalaya  Karakoram  Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia  The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers  the third and sixth longest in the world  respectively  run from the Tibetan Plateau to the densely populated eastern seaboard China's coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14 500 kilometers (9 000 mi) long  and is bounded by the Bohai  Yellow  East China  and South China seas China is one of the cradles of civilization  with its known history beginning with an ancient civilization – one of the world's earliest – that flourished in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain  For millennia  China's political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties  Since 221 BC  when the Qin Dynasty first conquered several states to form a Chinese empire  the state has expanded  fractured and reformed numerous times  The Republic of China (ROC) replaced the last dynasty in 1912  and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949  when it was defeated by the Communist Party of China in the Chinese Civil War  The Communist Party established the People's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949  while the ROC government relocated to Taiwan with its present de facto temporary capital in Taipei  Both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China  though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978  China has become one of the world's fastest-growing major economies  As of 2014  it is the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and largest by purchasing power parity (PPP)  China is also the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods [21] China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world's largest standing army and second-largest defense budget [22][23] The PRC is a member of the United Nations  as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U N  Security Council in 1971  China is also a member of numerous formal