MATLAB学习笔记二：Script writing，Structured programming，User-defined function

1. Script writing

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1.1 MATLAB 脚本

• .m 文件；
• 包含了一系列MATLAB命令的文件；
• 应用结构化编程技术（子程序，循环，条件等）使程序看起来很整洁；

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2. Structured programming

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2.1 Flow Control

if, elseif, else
for
switch, case
otherwise
try, catch
while

break
continue
end
pause
return

2.2 关系（逻辑）运算符

Operator	Meaning
<	小于
<=	小于等于
>	大于
>=	大于等于
==	等于
~=	不等于
&&	与
| |	或

2.2.1 if elseif else

if condition1
    statement1
elseif condition2
    statement2
else
    statement3
end

EX:

>> a=3
a =
    3
>> if rem(a, 2) == 0
       disp('a is even')
else
       disp('a is odd')
end

a is odd

2.2.2 switch

switch expression
case value1
         statement1
case value2
         statement2
.
.
otherwise
         statement
end

EX:

>> input_num = 1
input_num =
    1
>> switch input_num
case -1
     disp('negative 1');
case 0
     disp('zero');
case 1
     disp('positive 1');
otherwise
     disp('other value');
end

positive 1

2.2.3 while

while expression
       statement
end

EX:

>> n = 1;
while prod(1:n) < 1e100
      n = n + 1;
end
>> n
n =
    70

练习：

• 计算 1+2+3+…+999

>> a = 1;
sum = 0;
while a < 1000
    sum = sum + a;
    a = a + 1;
end
>> sum
sum =
      499500

2.2.4 for

for variable=start : increment : end
       commands
end

EX:

>> for n=1:10
        a(n)=2^n;
end
disp(a)
  1 至 7 列

           2           4           8          16          32          64         128

  8 至 10 列

         256         512        1024

2.2.5 预分配空间 Pre-allocating Space to Variables

• A 和 B 那种方法运行时间快？

A:

tic
for ii = 1:2000
    for jj = 1:2000
        A(ii,jj) = ii + jj;
    end
end
toc

B:

tic
A = zeros(2000, 2000);
for ii = 1:size(A,1)
    for jj = 1:size(A,2)
        A(ii,jj) = ii + jj;
    end
end
toc

EX:

• Use structured programming to:
  1. Find the entries in matrix A that are negative
  2. Store these entries’ position in a matrix B
  3. Change the values of these entries to zero

$$A=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& -1& 4\\ 9& -14& 25\\ -34& 49& 64\end{array}\right]$$

>> A = [0, -1, 4; 9, -14, 25; -34, 49, 64]
for n = 1:3
    for m = 1:3
        if A(n,m) < 0
            A(n,m) = 0;
        end
    end
end
B = A

A =

     0    -1     4
     9   -14    25
   -34    49    64

B =

     0     0     4
     9     0    25
     0    49    64

2.2.6 break

• 终止for或while循环的执行

x = 2; k = 0; error = inf;
error_threshold = 1e-32;
while error > error_threshold
    if k > 100
        break
    end
    x = x - sin(x)/cos(x);
    error = abs(x - pi);
     k = k + 1;
end

2.2.7 Tips for Script Writing

• clear all %清除所有的变量
• close all %关闭所有的图形
• clc
• ;
• ··· % 省略号，换行
• ctrl+c %终止正在运行的程序

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3. User-defined function

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3.1 MATLAB内置函数的内容

>> edit(which('mean.m'))

3.2 User-Define Functions

• 写一个函数，计算给定初始位移$x_0$，初始速度$v_0$和降落时间$t$的自由落体运动的位移$x$：
  $$x=x_0+v_{0}t+\frac{1}{2}g{t}^2$$

% 新建脚本 freebody.m
function x = freebody(x0,v0,t)
% calculation of free falling
% x0: initial displacement in m
% v0: initial velocity in m/sec
% t: the elapsed time in sec
% x: the depth of falling in m
x = x0 + v0.*t + 1/2*9.8*t.*t;

运行函数：

>> freebody(1,1,2)
ans =
   22.6000

3.2.1 具有多个输入和输出的函数

• 求粒子的加速度和作用于它的力
  $$a=\frac{v_2-v_1}{t_2-t_1}F=ma$$

function [a F] = acc(v2,v1,t2,t1,m)
a = (v2-v1)./(t2-t1);
F = m.*a;

运行函数：

>> [Acc Force] = acc(20,10,5,4,1)
Acc =
    10
Force =
    10

3.2.2 练习

• 将华氏摄氏度转为摄氏度；
• 脚本应该继续运行，直到没有提供转换的数字；

function F2C
while(1)
    F = input('Temperature in F:');
    a = isempty(F);
    if a == 0
        C=(F-32)*5/9;
        disp(['==> Temperature in C = ',num2str(C)])
    else
        break
    end
end

运行函数：

>> F2C
Temperature in F:43
==> Temperature in C = 6.1111
Temperature in F:32
==> Temperature in C = 0

3.2.3 函数默认变量

inputname
mfilename
nargin
nargout
varargin
varargout

EX:

function [volume]=pillar(Do,Di,height)
if nargin==2,
    height=1;
end
volume=abs(Do.^2-Di.^2).*height*pi/4;

运行函数：

>> pillar(1,2)
ans =
    2.3562
>> pillar(1,2,3)
ans =
    7.0686

3.2.4 Function Handles

• 一种创建匿名函数的方法，即不必在.m文件中定义一行表达式函数;

f = @(x) exp(-2*x);
x = 0:0.1:2;
plot(x, f(x));