x86的内存安排

Physical memory layout of the PC

linear address range	real-mode address range	memory type	use
0- 3FF	0000:0000-0000:03FF	RAM	real-mode interrupt vector table (IVT)
400- 4FF	0040:0000-0040:00FF		BIOS data area (BDA)
500- 9FBFF	0050:0000-9000:FBFF		free conventional memory (below 1 meg)
9FC00- 9FFFF	9000:FC00-9000:FFFF		extended BIOS data area (EBDA)
A0000- BFFFF	A000:0000-B000:FFFF	video RAM	VGA framebuffers
C0000- C7FFF	C000:0000-C000:7FFF	ROM	video BIOS (32K is typical size)
C8000- EFFFF	C800:0000-E000:FFFF	NOTHING
F0000- FFFFF	F000:0000-F000:FFFF	ROM	motherboard BIOS (64K is typical size)
100000- FEBFFFFF		RAM	free extended memory (1 meg and above)
FEC00000- FFFFFFFF		various	motherboard BIOS, PnP NVRAM, ACPI, etc.

引导程序将被加载到7C00h 处，然后从7C00h开始执行
B8000h是VGA字符模式显存首地址
因为实模式下地址线为20位，因此实模式下最大地址范围为0 - 2²⁰-1，可以访问1M的地址空间
保护模式下地址线为32位，因此模式模式下最大地址范围为0-2³²-1 ，可以访问4G的地址空间