Semaphore源码解读，若要转载请注明出处

/*
 * Semaphore源码解读，转载请注明出处，赵泉伟
 */

package java.util.concurrent;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer;

/**
 * A counting semaphore.  Conceptually, a semaphore maintains a set of
 * permits.  Each {@link #acquire} blocks if necessary until a permit is
 * available, and then takes it.  Each {@link #release} adds a permit,
 * potentially releasing a blocking acquirer.
 * However, no actual permit objects are used; the {@code Semaphore} just
 * keeps a count of the number available and acts accordingly.
 *
 * <p>Semaphores are often used to restrict the number of threads than can
 * access some (physical or logical) resource. For example, here is
 * a class that uses a semaphore to control access to a pool of items:
 *  <pre> {@code
 * class Pool {
 *   private static final int MAX_AVAILABLE = 100;
 *   private final Semaphore available = new Semaphore(MAX_AVAILABLE, true);
 *
 *   public Object getItem() throws InterruptedException {
 *     available.acquire();
 *     return getNextAvailableItem();
 *   }
 *
 *   public void putItem(Object x) {
 *     if (markAsUnused(x))
 *       available.release();
 *   }
 *
 *   // Not a particularly efficient data structure; just for demo
 *
 *   protected Object[] items = ... whatever kinds of items being managed
 *   protected boolean[] used = new boolean[MAX_AVAILABLE];
 *
 *   protected synchronized Object getNextAvailableItem() {
 *     for (int i = 0; i < MAX_AVAILABLE; ++i) {
 *       if (!used[i]) {
 *          used[i] = true;
 *          return items[i];
 *       }
 *     }
 *     return null; // not reached
 *   }
 *
 *   protected synchronized boolean markAsUnused(Object item) {
 *     for (int i = 0; i < MAX_AVAILABLE; ++i) {
 *       if (item == items[i]) {
 *          if (used[i]) {
 *            used[i] = false;
 *            return true;
 *          } else
 *            return false;
 *       }
 *     }
 *     return false;
 *   }
 * }}</pre>
 *
 * <p>Before obtaining an item each thread must acquire a permit from
 * the semaphore, guaranteeing that an item is available for use. When
 * the thread has finished with the item it is returned back to the
 * pool and a permit is returned to the semaphore, allowing another
 * thread to acquire that item.  Note that no synchronization lock is
 * held when {@link #acquire} is called as that would prevent an item
 * from being returned to the pool.  The semaphore encapsulates the
 * synchronization needed to restrict access to the pool, separately
 * from any synchronization needed to maintain the consistency of the
 * pool itself.
 *
 * <p>A semaphore initialized to one, and which is used such that it
 * only has at most one permit available, can serve as a mutual
 * exclusion lock.  This is more commonly known as a <em>binary
 * semaphore</em>, because it only has two states: one permit
 * available, or zero permits available.  When used in this way, the
 * binary semaphore has the property (unlike many {@link java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock}
 * implementations), that the &quot;lock&quot; can be released by a
 * thread other than the owner (as semaphores have no notion of
 * ownership).  This can be useful in some specialized contexts, such
 * as deadlock recovery.
 *
 * <p> The constructor for this class optionally accepts a
 * <em>fairness</em> parameter. When set false, this class makes no
 * guarantees about the order in which threads acquire permits. In
 * particular, <em>barging</em> is permitted, that is, a thread
 * invoking {@link #acquire} can be allocated a permit ahead of a
 * thread that has been waiting - logically the new thread places itself at
 * the head of the queue of waiting threads. When fairness is set true, the
 * semaphore guarantees that threads invoking any of the {@link
 * #acquire() acquire} methods are selected to obtain permits in the order in
 * which their invocation of those methods was processed
 * (first-in-first-out; FIFO). Note that FIFO ordering necessarily
 * applies to specific internal points of execution within these
 * methods.  So, it is possible for one thread to invoke
 * {@code acquire} before another, but reach the ordering point after
 * the other, and similarly upon return from the method.
 * Also note that the untimed {@link #tryAcquire() tryAcquire} methods do not
 * honor the fairness setting, but will take any permits that are
 * available.
 *
 * <p>Generally, semaphores used to control resource access should be
 * initialized as fair, to ensure that no thread is starved out from
 * accessing a resource. When using semaphores for other kinds of
 * synchronization control, the throughput advantages of non-fair
 * ordering often outweigh fairness considerations.
 *
 * <p>This class also provides convenience methods to {@link
 * #acquire(int) acquire} and {@link #release(int) release} multiple
 * permits at a time.  Beware of the increased risk of indefinite
 * postponement when these methods are used without fairness set true.
 *
 * <p>Memory consistency effects: Actions in a thread prior to calling
 * a "release" method such as {@code release()}
 * <a href="package-summary.html#MemoryVisibility"><i>happen-before</i></a>
 * actions following a successful "acquire" method such as {@code acquire()}
 * in another thread.
 *
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 */
public class Semaphore implements java.io.Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -3222578661600680210L;
    /** All mechanics via AbstractQueuedSynchronizer subclass */
    private final Sync sync;//锁抽象类

    /**
     * Synchronization implementation for semaphore.  Uses AQS state
     * to represent permits. Subclassed into fair and nonfair
     * versions.
     */
    abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {//继承AQS同步器
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1192457210091910933L;

        Sync(int permits) {
            setState(permits);
        }//构造器，入参为允许的锁状态值

        final int getPermits() {//获取锁的状态
            return getState();//返回锁的状态
        }

        final int nonfairTryAcquireShared(int acquires) {//以非公平锁方式获取共享锁
            for (;;) {//自旋
                int available = getState();//获取当前锁状态
                int remaining = available - acquires;//计算锁的状态
                if (remaining < 0 ||
                        compareAndSetState(available, remaining))
                    return remaining;//小于0或者cas成功则返回
            }
        }

        protected final boolean tryReleaseShared(int releases) {//释放共享锁
            for (;;) {//自旋
                int current = getState();//获取当前锁状态
                int next = current + releases;//计算状态值
                if (next < current) // overflow
                    throw new Error("Maximum permit count exceeded");//抛异常
                if (compareAndSetState(current, next))//通过cas设置状态值成功
                    return true;//返回true
            }
        }

        final void reducePermits(int reductions) {//减少锁的状态值
            for (;;) {//自旋
                int current = getState();//获取当前锁的状态值
                int next = current - reductions;//计算
                if (next > current) // underflow
                    throw new Error("Permit count underflow");//抛异常
                if (compareAndSetState(current, next))//通过cas设置最新状态值成功
                    return;//结束循环
            }
        }

        final int drainPermits() {//清空状态值
            for (;;) {//自旋
                int current = getState();//获取当前状态值
                if (current == 0 || compareAndSetState(current, 0))//如果当前状态为0或者通过Cas更新为0成功
                    return current;//则直接返回
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * NonFair version
     */
    static final class NonfairSync extends Sync {//非公平锁
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -2694183684443567898L;

        NonfairSync(int permits) {
            super(permits);
        }//有参构造器,入参为允许的锁状态值

        protected int tryAcquireShared(int acquires) {//尝试获取共享锁
            return nonfairTryAcquireShared(acquires);//调用具体方法
        }
    }

    /**
     * Fair version
     */
    static final class FairSync extends Sync {//公平锁类
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2014338818796000944L;

        FairSync(int permits) {
            super(permits);
        }//有参构造器

        protected int tryAcquireShared(int acquires) {//尝试获取共享锁
            for (;;) {//自旋
                if (hasQueuedPredecessors())//判断队列中是否存在待唤醒的节点或者当前线程为待唤醒的节点的线程，如果不满足这两个条件则返回-1表示获取锁失败
                    return -1;//返回-1
                int available = getState();//获取锁的状态值
                int remaining = available - acquires;//计算
                if (remaining < 0 ||//如果小于0或者cas成功则直接返回
                        compareAndSetState(available, remaining))
                    return remaining;//返回
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@code Semaphore} with the given number of
     * permits and nonfair fairness setting.
     *
     * @param permits the initial number of permits available.
     *        This value may be negative, in which case releases
     *        must occur before any acquires will be granted.
     */
    public Semaphore(int permits) {
        sync = new NonfairSync(permits);
    }//构造器，默认锁的类型为非公平锁

    /**
     * Creates a {@code Semaphore} with the given number of
     * permits and the given fairness setting.
     *
     * @param permits the initial number of permits available.
     *        This value may be negative, in which case releases
     *        must occur before any acquires will be granted.
     * @param fair {@code true} if this semaphore will guarantee
     *        first-in first-out granting of permits under contention,
     *        else {@code false}
     */
    public Semaphore(int permits, boolean fair) {
        sync = fair ? new FairSync(permits) : new NonfairSync(permits);
    }//带是否公平锁入参的构造器，true为公平锁，false为非公平锁

    /**
     * Acquires a permit from this semaphore, blocking until one is
     * available, or the thread is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}.
     *
     * <p>Acquires a permit, if one is available and returns immediately,
     * reducing the number of available permits by one.
     *
     * <p>If no permit is available then the current thread becomes
     * disabled for thread scheduling purposes and lies dormant until
     * one of two things happens:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Some other thread invokes the {@link #release} method for this
     * semaphore and the current thread is next to be assigned a permit; or
     * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
     * the current thread.
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>If the current thread:
     * <ul>
     * <li>has its interrupted status set on entry to this method; or
     * <li>is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while waiting
     * for a permit,
     * </ul>
     * then {@link InterruptedException} is thrown and the current thread's
     * interrupted status is cleared.
     *
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     */
    public void acquire() throws InterruptedException {//获取锁
        sync.acquireSharedInterruptibly(1);//调用AQS同步器以响应中断的方式获取锁
    }

    /**
     * Acquires a permit from this semaphore, blocking until one is
     * available.
     *
     * <p>Acquires a permit, if one is available and returns immediately,
     * reducing the number of available permits by one.
     *
     * <p>If no permit is available then the current thread becomes
     * disabled for thread scheduling purposes and lies dormant until
     * some other thread invokes the {@link #release} method for this
     * semaphore and the current thread is next to be assigned a permit.
     *
     * <p>If the current thread is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}
     * while waiting for a permit then it will continue to wait, but the
     * time at which the thread is assigned a permit may change compared to
     * the time it would have received the permit had no interruption
     * occurred.  When the thread does return from this method its interrupt
     * status will be set.
     */
    public void acquireUninterruptibly() {//获取共享锁
        sync.acquireShared(1);//调用AQS同步器获取锁
    }

    /**
     * Acquires a permit from this semaphore, only if one is available at the
     * time of invocation.
     *
     * <p>Acquires a permit, if one is available and returns immediately,
     * with the value {@code true},
     * reducing the number of available permits by one.
     *
     * <p>If no permit is available then this method will return
     * immediately with the value {@code false}.
     *
     * <p>Even when this semaphore has been set to use a
     * fair ordering policy, a call to {@code tryAcquire()} <em>will</em>
     * immediately acquire a permit if one is available, whether or not
     * other threads are currently waiting.
     * This &quot;barging&quot; behavior can be useful in certain
     * circumstances, even though it breaks fairness. If you want to honor
     * the fairness setting, then use
     * {@link #tryAcquire(long, TimeUnit) tryAcquire(0, TimeUnit.SECONDS) }
     * which is almost equivalent (it also detects interruption).
     *
     * @return {@code true} if a permit was acquired and {@code false}
     *         otherwise
     */
    public boolean tryAcquire() {//尝试获取锁并返回是否成功
        return sync.nonfairTryAcquireShared(1) >= 0;//调用以非公平锁的方式获取锁 返回的值>=0表示获取锁成功
    }

    /**
     * Acquires a permit from this semaphore, if one becomes available
     * within the given waiting time and the current thread has not
     * been {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}.
     *
     * <p>Acquires a permit, if one is available and returns immediately,
     * with the value {@code true},
     * reducing the number of available permits by one.
     *
     * <p>If no permit is available then the current thread becomes
     * disabled for thread scheduling purposes and lies dormant until
     * one of three things happens:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Some other thread invokes the {@link #release} method for this
     * semaphore and the current thread is next to be assigned a permit; or
     * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
     * the current thread; or
     * <li>The specified waiting time elapses.
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>If a permit is acquired then the value {@code true} is returned.
     *
     * <p>If the current thread:
     * <ul>
     * <li>has its interrupted status set on entry to this method; or
     * <li>is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while waiting
     * to acquire a permit,
     * </ul>
     * then {@link InterruptedException} is thrown and the current thread's
     * interrupted status is cleared.
     *
     * <p>If the specified waiting time elapses then the value {@code false}
     * is returned.  If the time is less than or equal to zero, the method
     * will not wait at all.
     *
     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait for a permit
     * @param unit the time unit of the {@code timeout} argument
     * @return {@code true} if a permit was acquired and {@code false}
     *         if the waiting time elapsed before a permit was acquired
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     */
    public boolean tryAcquire(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
            throws InterruptedException {//根据超时时间来获取锁
        return sync.tryAcquireSharedNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));//调用AQS同步器里相关方法
    }

    /**
     * Releases a permit, returning it to the semaphore.
     *
     * <p>Releases a permit, increasing the number of available permits by
     * one.  If any threads are trying to acquire a permit, then one is
     * selected and given the permit that was just released.  That thread
     * is (re)enabled for thread scheduling purposes.
     *
     * <p>There is no requirement that a thread that releases a permit must
     * have acquired that permit by calling {@link #acquire}.
     * Correct usage of a semaphore is established by programming convention
     * in the application.
     */
    public void release() {//释放锁
        sync.releaseShared(1);//调用AQS同步器释放共享锁
    }

    /**
     * Acquires the given number of permits from this semaphore,
     * blocking until all are available,
     * or the thread is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}.
     *
     * <p>Acquires the given number of permits, if they are available,
     * and returns immediately, reducing the number of available permits
     * by the given amount.
     *
     * <p>If insufficient permits are available then the current thread becomes
     * disabled for thread scheduling purposes and lies dormant until
     * one of two things happens:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Some other thread invokes one of the {@link #release() release}
     * methods for this semaphore, the current thread is next to be assigned
     * permits and the number of available permits satisfies this request; or
     * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
     * the current thread.
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>If the current thread:
     * <ul>
     * <li>has its interrupted status set on entry to this method; or
     * <li>is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while waiting
     * for a permit,
     * </ul>
     * then {@link InterruptedException} is thrown and the current thread's
     * interrupted status is cleared.
     * Any permits that were to be assigned to this thread are instead
     * assigned to other threads trying to acquire permits, as if
     * permits had been made available by a call to {@link #release()}.
     *
     * @param permits the number of permits to acquire
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code permits} is negative
     */
    public void acquire(int permits) throws InterruptedException {//根据参数来获取锁
        if (permits < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();//<0则抛出异常
        sync.acquireSharedInterruptibly(permits);//以响应中断的方式来获取共享锁
    }

    /**
     * Acquires the given number of permits from this semaphore,
     * blocking until all are available.
     *
     * <p>Acquires the given number of permits, if they are available,
     * and returns immediately, reducing the number of available permits
     * by the given amount.
     *
     * <p>If insufficient permits are available then the current thread becomes
     * disabled for thread scheduling purposes and lies dormant until
     * some other thread invokes one of the {@link #release() release}
     * methods for this semaphore, the current thread is next to be assigned
     * permits and the number of available permits satisfies this request.
     *
     * <p>If the current thread is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}
     * while waiting for permits then it will continue to wait and its
     * position in the queue is not affected.  When the thread does return
     * from this method its interrupt status will be set.
     *
     * @param permits the number of permits to acquire
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code permits} is negative
     */
    public void acquireUninterruptibly(int permits) {//非响应中断方式获取锁
        if (permits < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();//如果入参<0则抛出异常
        sync.acquireShared(permits);//调用AQS同步器中的获取共享锁方法
    }

    /**
     * Acquires the given number of permits from this semaphore, only
     * if all are available at the time of invocation.
     *
     * <p>Acquires the given number of permits, if they are available, and
     * returns immediately, with the value {@code true},
     * reducing the number of available permits by the given amount.
     *
     * <p>If insufficient permits are available then this method will return
     * immediately with the value {@code false} and the number of available
     * permits is unchanged.
     *
     * <p>Even when this semaphore has been set to use a fair ordering
     * policy, a call to {@code tryAcquire} <em>will</em>
     * immediately acquire a permit if one is available, whether or
     * not other threads are currently waiting.  This
     * &quot;barging&quot; behavior can be useful in certain
     * circumstances, even though it breaks fairness. If you want to
     * honor the fairness setting, then use {@link #tryAcquire(int,
     * long, TimeUnit) tryAcquire(permits, 0, TimeUnit.SECONDS) }
     * which is almost equivalent (it also detects interruption).
     *
     * @param permits the number of permits to acquire
     * @return {@code true} if the permits were acquired and
     *         {@code false} otherwise
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code permits} is negative
     */
    public boolean tryAcquire(int permits) {//尝试获取锁并返回是否成功
        if (permits < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();//如果入参<0则抛异常
        return sync.nonfairTryAcquireShared(permits) >= 0;//以非公平锁的方式获取锁如果返回>=0则表示获取锁成功
    }

    /**
     * Acquires the given number of permits from this semaphore, if all
     * become available within the given waiting time and the current
     * thread has not been {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}.
     *
     * <p>Acquires the given number of permits, if they are available and
     * returns immediately, with the value {@code true},
     * reducing the number of available permits by the given amount.
     *
     * <p>If insufficient permits are available then
     * the current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling
     * purposes and lies dormant until one of three things happens:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Some other thread invokes one of the {@link #release() release}
     * methods for this semaphore, the current thread is next to be assigned
     * permits and the number of available permits satisfies this request; or
     * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
     * the current thread; or
     * <li>The specified waiting time elapses.
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>If the permits are acquired then the value {@code true} is returned.
     *
     * <p>If the current thread:
     * <ul>
     * <li>has its interrupted status set on entry to this method; or
     * <li>is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while waiting
     * to acquire the permits,
     * </ul>
     * then {@link InterruptedException} is thrown and the current thread's
     * interrupted status is cleared.
     * Any permits that were to be assigned to this thread, are instead
     * assigned to other threads trying to acquire permits, as if
     * the permits had been made available by a call to {@link #release()}.
     *
     * <p>If the specified waiting time elapses then the value {@code false}
     * is returned.  If the time is less than or equal to zero, the method
     * will not wait at all.  Any permits that were to be assigned to this
     * thread, are instead assigned to other threads trying to acquire
     * permits, as if the permits had been made available by a call to
     * {@link #release()}.
     *
     * @param permits the number of permits to acquire
     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait for the permits
     * @param unit the time unit of the {@code timeout} argument
     * @return {@code true} if all permits were acquired and {@code false}
     *         if the waiting time elapsed before all permits were acquired
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code permits} is negative
     */
    public boolean tryAcquire(int permits, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)//根据超时时间来获取锁
            throws InterruptedException {
        if (permits < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();//入参<0则抛异常
        return sync.tryAcquireSharedNanos(permits, unit.toNanos(timeout));//调用AQS相关方法
    }

    /**
     * Releases the given number of permits, returning them to the semaphore.
     *
     * <p>Releases the given number of permits, increasing the number of
     * available permits by that amount.
     * If any threads are trying to acquire permits, then one
     * is selected and given the permits that were just released.
     * If the number of available permits satisfies that thread's request
     * then that thread is (re)enabled for thread scheduling purposes;
     * otherwise the thread will wait until sufficient permits are available.
     * If there are still permits available
     * after this thread's request has been satisfied, then those permits
     * are assigned in turn to other threads trying to acquire permits.
     *
     * <p>There is no requirement that a thread that releases a permit must
     * have acquired that permit by calling {@link Semaphore#acquire acquire}.
     * Correct usage of a semaphore is established by programming convention
     * in the application.
     *
     * @param permits the number of permits to release
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code permits} is negative
     */
    public void release(int permits) {//释放锁
        if (permits < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();//入参<0则抛异常
        sync.releaseShared(permits);//调用AQS同步器的释放共享锁的方法
    }

    /**
     * Returns the current number of permits available in this semaphore.
     *
     * <p>This method is typically used for debugging and testing purposes.
     *
     * @return the number of permits available in this semaphore
     */
    public int availablePermits() {//获取状态值
        return sync.getPermits();//最终调用AQS返回
    }

    /**
     * Acquires and returns all permits that are immediately available.
     *
     * @return the number of permits acquired
     */
    public int drainPermits() {//清空状态值
        return sync.drainPermits();//调用相关方法
    }

    /**
     * Shrinks the number of available permits by the indicated
     * reduction. This method can be useful in subclasses that use
     * semaphores to track resources that become unavailable. This
     * method differs from {@code acquire} in that it does not block
     * waiting for permits to become available.
     *
     * @param reduction the number of permits to remove
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code reduction} is negative
     */
    protected void reducePermits(int reduction) {//根据传入的值减小状态值
        if (reduction < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();//如果传入的参数<0则抛异常
        sync.reducePermits(reduction);//调用相关方法
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this semaphore has fairness set true.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this semaphore has fairness set true
     */
    public boolean isFair() {//判断是否公平锁
        return sync instanceof FairSync;//true为公平锁，false为非公平锁
    }

    /**
     * Queries whether any threads are waiting to acquire. Note that
     * because cancellations may occur at any time, a {@code true}
     * return does not guarantee that any other thread will ever
     * acquire.  This method is designed primarily for use in
     * monitoring of the system state.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if there may be other threads waiting to
     *         acquire the lock
     */
    public final boolean hasQueuedThreads() {//判断队列中是否还有等待的线程
        return sync.hasQueuedThreads();//调用AQS同步器方法，true代表有，false则没有
    }

    /**
     * Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting to acquire.
     * The value is only an estimate because the number of threads may
     * change dynamically while this method traverses internal data
     * structures.  This method is designed for use in monitoring of the
     * system state, not for synchronization control.
     *
     * @return the estimated number of threads waiting for this lock
     */
    public final int getQueueLength() {//获取队列中的线程个数
        return sync.getQueueLength();//调用AQS相关方法
    }

    /**
     * Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to acquire.
     * Because the actual set of threads may change dynamically while
     * constructing this result, the returned collection is only a best-effort
     * estimate.  The elements of the returned collection are in no particular
     * order.  This method is designed to facilitate construction of
     * subclasses that provide more extensive monitoring facilities.
     *
     * @return the collection of threads
     */
    protected Collection<Thread> getQueuedThreads() {//获取队列中的线程集合
        return sync.getQueuedThreads();//调用AQS同步器相关方法
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string identifying this semaphore, as well as its state.
     * The state, in brackets, includes the String {@code "Permits ="}
     * followed by the number of permits.
     *
     * @return a string identifying this semaphore, as well as its state
     */
    public String toString() {//重写toString方法
        return super.toString() + "[Permits = " + sync.getPermits() + "]";
    }
}