C++中的字符串的对比：char* std:string char[]

char*

语法：

char* str = "This is GeeksForGeeks";

好处

1. 只需要一个指针 来引用str，内存上更高效
2. 不需提前声明str size

#include <iostream> 
using namespace std; 
  
int main() 
{ 
    // pointer str points to const string literal "Hello". 
    // No need to declare size. 
    char* str1 = "This is GeeksForGeeks"; 
  
    cout << str1 << endl; 
  
    int size = 30; 
  
    // can allocate size dynamically. 
    char* str2 = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char) * size); 
  
    str2 = "GeeksForGeeks For Everyone"; 
  
    cout << str2; 
  
    return 0; 
} 

弊端

1. char在C中很好，但C++不推荐。C++中编译器warning“deprecated conversion from string constant to ‘char’”。因为在C中string是char的队列，但在C++中是constant array of char（char常亮的队列），所以使用const char*
   const char* str = "This is GeeksForGeeks";
2. 不能更改字符串的内容，但可以更改指针的指向

// CPP program to illustrate assigning 
// *char value to other variable  
#include <iostream> 
using namespace std; 
  
int main() 
{ 
    // This initialization gives warning in C++. 
    // "deprecated conversion from string constant 
    // to 'char*'" 
    char* str = "Hello"; 
  
    const char* str1 = "Hello"; // No warning 
  
    // trying to modify const string literal 
    // gives Runtime error 
    str[1] = 'o'; 
  
    cout << str << endl; 
  
    return 0; 
} 

std::string

语法

std::string str = "This is GeeksForGeeks";

str是 std::string类的对象， std::string是basic_string类模板的实例（模板使用char作为它的character type）。

当你用std::string时，不要使用cstring、string.h的方法。因为std::string是basic_string类型，cstring是const char*类型

好处

string有很多的方法，替换、查询等

// CPP program to illustrate  
// std::string functions 
#include <iostream> 
using namespace std; 
  
int main() 
{ 
    // string assignment 
    string s1 = "Hello"; 
    string s2 = "World"; 
  
    // return length of string 
    cout << s1.size() << endl; // 5 
    cout << s2.length() << endl; // 5 
  
    // concatenate string using + operator. 
    s1 = s1 + s2; 
    cout << s1 << endl; // HelloWorld 
  
    // append string 
    s1.append("Geeks"); 
    cout << s1 << endl; // HelloWorldGeeks 
  
    string s3 = "HelloWorldGeeks"; 
  
    // compare two strings 
    if (s1.compare(s3) == 0) 
        cout << "true" << endl; 
    else
        cout << "false" << endl; 
  
    // substring of string s1 
    // substr(pos, length_of_substring) 
    string sub = s1.substr(0, 5); 
    cout << sub << endl; // Hello 
  
    // insert into string 
    // insert(pos, string) 
    s1.insert(10, "For"); 
    cout << s1 << endl; // HelloWorldForGeeks 
  
    string target = "World"; 
  
    // find a target string in s1 
    size_t pos = s1.find(target); 
    if (pos != std::string::npos) // npos=-1 
        cout << "Found at Position:" << pos << endl; // pos=5 
  
    // replace a portion of string s1 
    // replace(pos, length_of_portion, string_to_replace) 
    cout << s1.replace(5, 5, "Geeks") << endl; // HelloGeeksForGeeks 
  
    return 0; 
} 

char* 优于std:string的情况

1. 和底层os交互时
2. 兼容老的c代码（不过 std::string的 c_str() 方法处理了 很大一部分该问题）
3. 节省内存

std:string to const char

        std::string message = "index:" + std::to_string(index);
        char *messageChar = new char[message.size() + 1];
        std::strncpy(messageChar, message.c_str(), message.size());

        const char *finalMessage = &messageChar[0];

        delete[] messageChar;

char[]

语法

char str[] = "This is GeeksForGeeks";
     or 
char str[size] = "This is GeeksForGeeks";
//  Here str is a array of characters denoting the string.

好处

可以动态修改str内容

坏处

1. 实在stack上分配了固定大小的内存空间
2. 因size固定，如果想拼接等操作str，需要申请较大的空间。对于此，可以用C++标准库cstring和string.h处理

// CPP program to illustrate char 
// concatenation using standard functions 
#include <iostream> 
#include <cstring> 
using namespace std; 
  
int main() 
{ 
    // take large size of array 
    char str[10] = "Hello"; 
  
    cout << "Before Concatenation : " << str << endl; // Hello 
    strcat(str, " World"); 
    cout << "After Concatenation : " << str; // Hello World 
  
    return 0; 
} 

cstring常用方法

#include <iostream> 
#include <cstring> 
using namespace std; 
  
int main() 
{ 
    char s1[10] = "Hello"; 
  
    // return length of s1 
    cout << strlen(s1) << endl; 
  
    char s2[50]; 
  
    // copies s1 into s2 
    strcpy(s2, s1); 
    cout << s2 << endl; 
  
    char s3[10] = "World"; 
  
    // concatenates s3 into s2 
    strcat(s2, s3); 
    cout << s2 << endl; 
  
    char s4[50] = "HelloWorld"; 
  
    // return 0 if s2 and s4 are equal. 
    if (strcmp(s2, s4) == 0) 
        cout << "true" << endl; 
    else
        cout << "false" << endl; 
  
    char s5[30]; 
  
    // copies first 5 chars of s2 into s1 
    strncpy(s5, s4, 5); 
    cout << s5 << endl; 
  
    char target[10] = "Hello"; 
  
    // search for target string in s4 
    if (strstr(s4, target) != NULL) 
        cout << "true" << endl; 
    else
        cout << "false" << endl; 
  
    return 0; 
}