Python @property

https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/property

首先看一个“摄氏度”class的例子：

class Celsius:
    def __init__(self, temperature = 0):
        self.temperature = temperature

    def to_fahrenheit(self):
        return (self.temperature * 1.8) + 32

c = Celsius(23)
c.temperature #23

这个class并没有对摄氏度进行限制，因为摄氏度时不可能低于绝对零度的，所以我们将这个class改写为：

class Celsius:
    def __init__(self, temperature = 0):
        self.set_temperature(temperature)

    def to_fahrenheit(self):
        return (self.get_temperature() * 1.8) + 32

    # new update
    def get_temperature(self):
        return self._temperature

    def set_temperature(self, value):
        if value < -273:
            raise ValueError("Temperature below -273 is not possible")
        self._temperature = value

c = Celsius(23)
c.temperature 
#AttributeError: 'Celsius' object has no attribute 'temperature'
c.get_temperature()
#23

但是这样改写就会出现问题，新的写法并不向后兼容。
之前的obj.temperature = val 都要改成 obj.set_temperature(val) 形式。一种解决方案是：

class Celsius:
    def __init__(self, temperature = 0):
        self.temperature = temperature

    def to_fahrenheit(self):
        return (self.temperature * 1.8) + 32

    def get_temperature(self):
        print("Getting value")
        return self._temperature

    def set_temperature(self, value):
        if value < -273:
            raise ValueError("Temperature below -273 is not possible")
        print("Setting value")
        self._temperature = value

    temperature = property(get_temperature,set_temperature)

新添加的： temperature = property(get_temperature,set_temperature) 创建了 property object.

property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)

在这个例子中get_temperature和set_temperature分别是提取和设置变量的函数。

temperature = property(get_temperature,set_temperature)

等同于：

# make empty property
temperature = property()
# assign fget
temperature = temperature.getter(get_temperature)
# assign fset
temperature = temperature.setter(set_temperature)

可以用decorators 写的再规范些：

class Celsius:
    def __init__(self, temperature = 0):
        self._temperature = temperature

    def to_fahrenheit(self):
        return (self.temperature * 1.8) + 32

    @property
    def temperature(self):
        print("Getting value")
        return self._temperature

    @temperature.setter
    def temperature(self, value):
        if value < -273:
            raise ValueError("Temperature below -273 is not possible")
        print("Setting value")
        self._temperature = value