【笔记】【LINQ编程技术内幕】第六章 使用标准查询运算符

筛选信息

筛选器共两类：带有where子句的传统筛选器以及新的筛选器OfType。OfType用于筛选能够转换为特定类型的值。

WHERE子句

var numbers = new int[] { -1, -32, 3, 5, -8, 13, 7, -41 };
// 筛选绝对值大于 5 的数字
var magnitude = from n in numbers where Math.Abs(n) > 5 select n;
foreach (var m in magnitude)
	Console.WriteLine(m);

OFTYPE

// 从数组中筛选能够转换成整型的元素
var randomData = new object[] { 1, "two", 3, "four", 5.5, "six", 7M };
var canBeInt = from r in randomData.OfType<int>() select r;
foreach (var i in canBeInt)
	Console.WriteLine(i);

使用限定符 All, Any, Contains

• All 判断是否每个成员都满足条件
• Any 指示是否有满足条件得成员
• Contains 用于查找符合条件的单个元素

class Program
{
	static void Main(string[] args)
	{
		var household = new List<FamilyMember>
		{
			new FamilyMember{Name="Paul Kimmel",  Species="Lunkhead in Chief", Gender="Male"},
			new FamilyMember{Name="Dena Swanson", Species="Boss",              Gender="Female"},
			new FamilyMember{Name="Alex Kimmel",  Species="Princess",          Gender="Female"},
			new FamilyMember{Name="Noah Kimmel",  Species="Annoying Brother",  Gender="Male"},
			new FamilyMember{Name="Joe Swanson",  Species="Homosapien",        Gender="Male"},
			new FamilyMember{Name="Ruby",         Species="Canine",            Gender="Female"},
			new FamilyMember{Name="Leda",         Species="Canine",            Gender="Female"},
			new FamilyMember{Name="Big Mama",     Species="Feline",            Gender="Female"}
	  	};

		// 判断序列中是否有满足条件的子项
		bool anyCats = household.Any(m => m.Species == "Feline");
		Console.WriteLine("Any ? {0}", anyCats);
		
		// 判断序列中是否所有子项都满足指定条件
		bool allCats = household.All(m => m.Species == "Feline");
		Console.WriteLine("All ? {0}", allCats);
		
		bool containsCats = household.Contains(new FamilyMember{Name="Paul Kimmel",  Species="Lunkhead in Chief", Gender="Male"});
		Console.WriteLine("Contains ? {0}", containsCats);
	}
}

public class FamilyMember
{
	public string Name { get; set; }
	public string Species { get; set; }
	public string Gender { get; set; }
}

利用Skip和Take实现分区操作

Skip、SkipWhile、Take和TakeWhile用于将集合拆分成两个部分并返回其中一个。

var ints = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };

// 获取指定位置之后的元素(包含指定位置的元素)
Console.WriteLine("+++++++++++++++++++++Skip+++++++++++++++++++++");
var resultSkip = ints.Skip(3);
Array.ForEach(resultSkip.ToArray(), n => Console.Write(n + " "));

// 获取条件为false的元素
Console.WriteLine("+++++++++++++++++++++SkipWhile++++++++++++++++");
var resultSkipWhile = ints.SkipWhile(n => n <= 5);
Array.ForEach(resultSkipWhile.ToArray(), n => Console.Write(n + " "));

// 获取指定位置之前的元素(不包含指定位置的元素)
Console.WriteLine("+++++++++++++++++++++Take+++++++++++++++++++++");
var resultTake = ints.Take(3);
Array.ForEach(resultTake.ToArray(), n => Console.Write(n + " "));

// 获取条件为true的元素
Console.WriteLine("+++++++++++++++++++++TakeWhile++++++++++++++++");
var resultTakeWhile = ints.TakeWhile(n => n <= 5);
Array.ForEach(resultTakeWhile.ToArray(), n => Console.Write(n + " "));

结果
+++++++++++++++++++++Skip+++++++++++++++++++++
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+++++++++++++++++++++SkipWhile+++++++++++++++++
6 7 8 9 10
+++++++++++++++++++++Take+++++++++++++++++++++
0 1 2
+++++++++++++++++++++TakeWhile+++++++++++++++++
0 1 2 3 4 5

使用生成运算

生成运算包括DefaultIfEmpty、Empty、Range以及Repeat。它们都是用于创建新的序列。

// 根据指定类型创建一个空的序列
var empties = Enumerable.Empty<int>();
Console.WriteLine("Type : {0}", empties.GetType());
Console.WriteLine("Count : {0}", empties.Count());
Console.WriteLine("=========================================");

// 如果参数指定的序列为空，则使用指定类型的默认值创建一个数量为1的序列
var default_empties = Enumerable.DefaultIfEmpty<int>(Enumerable.Empty<int>());
Console.WriteLine("Type : {0}", default_empties.GetType());
Console.WriteLine("Count : {0}", default_empties.Count());
Array.ForEach(default_empties.ToArray(), n => Console.WriteLine(n));
Console.WriteLine("=========================================");

var range = Enumerable.Range(10, 5);
Array.ForEach(range.ToArray(), n => Console.WriteLine(n));
Console.WriteLine("Type : {0}", range.GetType());
Console.WriteLine("Count : {0}", range.Count());
Console.WriteLine("=========================================");

var repeat = Enumerable.Repeat(10, 5);
Array.ForEach(repeat.ToArray(), n => Console.WriteLine(n));
Console.WriteLine("Type : {0}", repeat.GetType());
Console.WriteLine("Count : {0}", repeat.Count());

结果
Type : System.Linq.EmptyPartition1[System.Int32] Count : 0 ========================================= Type : System.Linq.Enumerable+DefaultIfEmptyIterator1[System.Int32]
Count : 1
0
=========================================
10
11
12
13
14
Type : System.Linq.Enumerable+RangeIterator
Count : 5
=========================================
10
10
10
10
10
Type : System.Linq.Enumerable+RepeatIterator`1[System.Int32]
Count : 5

相等性测试

var folder1 = Directory.GetDirectories("C:\\");
var folder2 = Directory.GetDirectories("C:\\Users\\Administrator");

// 比较两个序列中的所有子项是否相等
Console.WriteLine("Equal: " + folder1.SequenceEqual(folder2));

// 获取两个序列的差异，folder1中有而folder2中没有
var missingFolders = folder1.Except(folder2);

Console.WriteLine("Missing Folders: {0}", missingFolders.Count());
Array.ForEach(missingFolders.ToArray(),
  folder => Console.WriteLine(folder));

从序列中获取特定元素

var numbers = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};

// 获取序列中的第一个元素
var first = (from n in numbers select n).First();
Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", first);

// 获取序列中满足指定条件第一个的元素，如果都不满足条件则返回该类型的默认值
var firstOrDefault = (from n in numbers select n).FirstOrDefault(n => n > 10);
Console.WriteLine("First or default: {0}", firstOrDefault);

// 获取序列中的最后一个元素
var last = (from n in numbers select n).Last();
Console.WriteLine("Last: {0}", last);

// 获取序列中满足指定条件最后一个的元素，如果都不满足条件则返回该类型的默认值
var lastOrDefault = (from n in numbers select n).LastOrDefault(n => n < 5);
Console.WriteLine("Last or default: {0}", lastOrDefault);

// 序列中有且包含一个元素
var single = (from n in numbers where n == 5 select n).Single();
Console.WriteLine("Single: {0}", single);
var singleOrDefault = (from n in numbers select n).SingleOrDefault(n => n == 3);
Console.WriteLine("Single or default: {0}", singleOrDefault);

// 获取指定位置的元素
var element = (from n in numbers where n < 8 select n).ElementAt(6);
Console.WriteLine("Element at 6: {0}", element);

var elementOrDefault = (from n in numbers select n).ElementAtOrDefault(11);
Console.WriteLine("Element at 11 or default: {0}", elementOrDefault);

通过Concat串联序列

var numbers = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
var moreNumbers = new int[] { 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 };

foreach (var n in numbers.Concat(moreNumbers))
	Console.WriteLine(n);