解析learn the python3 the hard way里的ex43

earn the python3 the hard way里的ex43难度陡增，因为代码超过百行，里面的文字又太多，但是有不少有趣的小套路，大家也可以试着总结一下。

from sys import exit
from random import randint
from textwrap import dedent

# 如何从一个场景转到下一个场景。
class Scene(object):
    
    def enter(self):
        print("This scene is not yet configured.")
        print("Subclass it and implement enter().")
        exit(1)

# 如何让场景动起来。
class Engine(object):
    
    def __init__(self,scene_map):
        self.scene_map = scene_map

    # openint_scene就是刚开始的场景CentralCorridor()，last_scene是最后的场景Finished()
    # scene_map.opeing_scene()和scene_map.next_scene('finished')执行的是类Map里的函数。
    #  scene_map.opeing_scene()获得开始场景里的类名。
    def play(self):
        current_scene = self.scene_map.opening_scene()
        last_scene = self.scene_map.next_scene('finished')

        # 最开始current_scene.enter()是CentralCorridor()里的enter()方法。
        # current_scene.enter()的返回值(也就是Map()字典里的key)给next_scene_name
        # next_scene_name(也就是key)返回到Map()里的方法next_scene()，返回字典里的值，也就是类名
        # next_scene()获得类名，传给current_scene
        # 如果current_scene的类名不等于Finished()，则执行该类名的里enter()，return一个新场景的key
        # 将next_scene_name（新场景的key）传入到next_scene()里，获得相应的类名。
        while current_scene != last_scene:
            next_scene_name = current_scene.enter()
            current_scene = self.scene_map.next_scene(next_scene_name)
        
        # be sure to print out the last scene 
        current_scene.enter()


# 如何死法
class Death(Scene):

    quips = [
        "You died. You kinda suck at this.",
        "Your Mom would be proud...if she was smarter.",
        "Such a luser.",
        "I have a small puppy that's better at this.",
        "You're worse than your Dad's jokes.",
    ]

    # 因为quips是属于类的变量，所以引用是用Death.quips
    # randint是任意取范围内的整数。
    # exit(1)表示结束程序，必须要有，要不程序无法结束。

    def enter(self):
        print(Death.quips[randint(0, len(self.quips)-1)])
        exit(1)

# 起点，有个哥顿人在这儿，需要有笑话击败它。
class CentralCorridor(Scene):    

    def enter(self):
        print(dedent("""
            The Gothons of Planet Percal #25 have invaded your ship and
            destroyed your entire crew. You are the last surviving
            member and your last mission is to get the neutron destruct
            bomb from the Weapons Armory, put it in the bridge, and
            blow the ship up after getting into an escape pod.
 
            You're running down the central corridor to the Weapons
            Armory when a Gothon jumps out, red scaly skin, dark grimy
            teeth, and evil clown costume flowing around his hate
            filled body. He's blocking the door to the Armory and
            about to pull a weapon to blast you.        
            """))

        action = input(">shoot! dodge! tell a joke :")

        # if...else条件循环，返回各个场景类名相应的key。
        if action == "shoot!":
            print(dedent("""
                Quick on the draw you yank out your blaster and fire
                it at the Gothon. His clown costume is flowing and
                moving around his body, which throws off your aim.
                Your laser hits his costume but misses him entirely.
                This completely ruins his brand new costume his mother
                bought him, which makes him fly into an insane rage
                and blast you repeatedly in the face until you are
                dead. Then he eats you.    
                    """))
            return 'death'
        
        elif action == "dodge!":
            print(dedent("""
                Like a world class boxer you dodge, weave, slip and
                slide right as the Gothon's blaster cranks a laser
                past your head. In the middle of your artful dodge
                your foot slips and you bang your head on the metal
                wall and pass out. You wake up shortly after only to
                die as the Gothon stomps on your head and eats you.    
                """))
            return 'death'
        
        elif action == "tell a joke":
            print(dedent("""
                Lucky for you they made you learn Gothon insults in
                the academy. You tell the one Gothon joke you know:
                Lbhe zbgure vf fb sng, jura fur fvgf nebhaq gur ubhfr,
                fur fvgf nebhaq gur ubhfr. The Gothon stops, tries
                not to laugh, then busts out laughing and can't move.
                While he's laughing you run up and shoot him square in
                the head putting him down, then jump through the
                Weapon Armory door.
                """))        
            return 'laser_weapon_armory'
        
        else:
            print("DOES NOT COMPUTE!")
            return 'central_corridor'
    
# 用中子弹炸毁飞船，有个键盘，必须猜出数字。
class LaserWeaponArmory(Scene):

    def enter(self):
        print(dedent("""
            You do a dive roll into the Weapon Armory, crouch and scan
            the room for more Gothons that might be hiding. It's dead
            quiet, too quiet. You stand up and run to the far side of
            the room and find the neutron bomb in its container.
            There's a keypad lock on the box and you need the code to
            get the bomb out. If you get the code wrong 10 times then
            the lock closes forever and you can't get the bomb. The
            code is 3 digits.
            """))
        
        # 给出3个随机数字
        code = f"{randint(1,9)}{randint(1,9)}{randint(1,9)}"
        # code = "111"
        guess = input("[keypad]> ")
        guesses = 0

        while guess != code and guesses < 10:
            print("BZZZZEDDD")
            guesses += 1
            guess = input("[keypad]> ")
        
        if guess == code:
            print(dedent("""
                The container clicks open and the seal breaks, letting
                gas out. You grab the neutron bomb and run as fast as
                you can to the bridge where you must place it in the
                right spot.
                """))
            return 'the_bridge'
        else:
            print(dedent("""
                The lock buzzes one last time and then you hear a
                sickening melting sound as the mechanism is fused
                together. You decide to sit there, and finally the
                Gothons blow up the ship from their ship and you die.
                """))
            return 'death'
        

# 和哥顿人战斗，在这里放炸弹。
class TheBridge(Scene):

    def enter(self):
        print(dedent("""
            You burst onto the Bridge with the netron destruct bomb
            under your arm and surprise 5 Gothons who are trying to
            take control of the ship. Each of them has an even uglier
            clown costume than the last. They haven't pulled their
            weapons out yet, as they see the active bomb under your
            arm and don't want to set it off.
            """))
        
        action = input("> throw the bomb or slowly place the bomb ： ")
        
        # if...else条件循环。
        if action == "throw the bomb":
            print(dedent("""
                In a panic you throw the bomb at the group of Gothons
                and make a leap for the door. Right as you drop it a
                Gothon shoots you right in the back killing you. As
                you die you see another Gothon frantically try to
                disarm the bomb. You die knowing they will probably
                blow up when it goes off.
                """))
            return 'death'
        elif action == "slowly place the bomb":
            print(dedent("""
                You point your blaster at the bomb under your arm and
                the Gothons put their hands up and start to sweat.
                You inch backward to the door, open it, and then
                carefully place the bomb on the floor, pointing your
                blaster at it. You then jump back through the door,
                punch the close button and blast the lock so the
                Gothons can't get out. Now that the bomb is placed
                you run to the escape pod to get off this tin can.
                """))
            return 'escape_pod'
        else:
            print("DOES NOT COMPUTE")
            return "the_bridge"


# 猜出正确的逃生舱，逃跑。
class EscapePod(Scene):

    def enter(self):
        print(dedent("""
            You rush through the ship desperately trying to make it
            the escape pod before the whole ship explodes. It seems
            like hardly any Gothons are on the ship, so your run is
            clear of interference. You get to the chamber with the
            escape pods, and now need to pick one to take. Some of
            them could be damaged but you don't have time to look.
            There's 5 pods, which one do you take?
            """))
        # 随机整数
        good_pod = randint(1,5)
        # good_pod = 1
        guess = input("[pod #]>")

        if int(guess) != good_pod:
            print(dedent("""
               You jump into pod {guess} and hit the eject button.
               The pod escapes out into the void of space, then
               implodes as the hull ruptures, crushing your body into
               jam jelly.            
                """))
            return 'death'
        else:
            print(dedent("""
                You jump into pod {guess} and hit the eject button.
                The pod easily slides out into space heading to the
                planet below. As it flies to the planet, you look
                back and see your ship implode then explode like a
                bright star, taking out the Gothon ship at the same
                time. You won!
                """))
            return 'finished'

class Finished(Scene):

    def enter(self):
        print("You won! Good job.")
        return 'finished'   # 为什么要返回'finished'?

class Map(object):
    # 用字典将各个场景联结起来,用类名做值。
    scenes = {
        'central_corridor': CentralCorridor(),
        'laser_weapon_armory': LaserWeaponArmory(),
        'the_bridge': TheBridge(),
        'escape_pod': EscapePod(),
        'death': Death(),
        'finished': Finished()
    }


    def __init__(self, start_scene):
        self.start_scene = start_scene

    # 如何引用当前类的属性Map.scenes.get()
    def next_scene(self, scene_name):
        val = Map.scenes.get(scene_name) 
        return val 

    # 如何引用当前类里的函数，self.函数名()
    # 将self.start_scene作为参数传到self.next_scene()里，并return一个类名。
    def opening_scene(self):
        return self.next_scene(self.start_scene)

a_map = Map('central_corridor')
a_game = Engine(a_map)  
a_game.play()

# 这个程序相对复杂，通过key、value(也就是类名)和类下的enter()相互连接。
# 这个程序的一级类是Map(),Scene()和Engine()。
# Map()有各个场景对应的key和value，key是各个场景下的返回值，value是key对应的类名。
# Scene()是场景。
# Engine()实现了各个场景的转换。
# 首先设置了当前场景和最后场景。
# 如果当前场景不等于最后场景，则执行当前场景的enter()，返回值是各个类的key。
# 通过Map()里的next_scene()转换，变成各个类名，再继续执行各个类的enter()。
# Map()和Engine()的接口是字典里的key，各个场景之间也是通过key在Engine()里实现流动。


# 整个游戏属于线性的闯关游戏，从中央走廊——激光武器军械库——桥——逃生舱，如果不成功就死亡，成功就进入下一个场景。
# 其实这个方法也可以做成一个迷宫游戏，不断地穿梭在各个场景里，关键点就在于各个场景的返回值。


# LaserWeaponArmory(Scene)的猜数执行了11次，为什么？
# 因为在while上方的guess = input("[keypad]> ")时已经执行了一次， 要改成10次只需要guesses = 1即可。

# Map()定义了key和类名字典，以及如何通过key获得类名
# 建立了key和类名的字典，
# 定义了初始的场景key，
# 通过next_scene()获得场景的类名，
# 通过opening_scene()将初始的类名的key传入到next_scene()中

# Engine()
# 定义了场景的key值
# 定义如何玩
    # 获得当前场景的类名
    # 获得最后场景的类名
    # 如果两者（当前场景和最后场景）不相等，进入当前场景的类名里的enter()，执行后获得返回值key，复制给下一个场景
    # 下一个场景执行next_scene()，获得类名，并赋值给curret_scene,
    # 执行while循环。
    # 两者相等后，执行最后场景的enter()。

总结的套路之一：实例对象作为参数传入另一个类中，可以调用该实例对象的函数。

class Dog(object):
    def __init__(self,bone):
        self.bone = bone
    
    def eat(self):
        self.bone.make()
    
class Bone(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.bone = "big bone"

    def make(self):
        print(f"The {self.bone} is delisious!")

    

food = Bone()
jam = Dog(food)
jam.eat()

# 这个程序是通过Bone()实例化创造对象food,将food作为参数传到Dog()中，并实例化创造对象jam
# jam调用eat函数，eat中的bone调用Bone里的make函数。
# 也就是说，将一个实例化的对象作为参数传到另一个类中，则可以调用该对象里的函数。

总结完小套路后，一定要试着换个简单的场景去应用一下，这样能发现里面的错误，和更多精妙的地方。