PKI技术（public key infrastructure）里面，cer文件和pfx文件是很常见的。通常cer文件里面保存着公钥以及用户的一些信息，pfx里面则含有私钥和公钥。
用makecert.exe可以创建公钥证书和私钥证书，具体看
http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/bfsktky3(v=vs.110).aspx
http://blog.csdn.net/hacode/article/details/4240238
这里使用程序的方法来创建。参考了http://www.cnblogs.com/luminji/archive/2010/10/28/1863179.html
下面的代码封装了一个类，可以在store里面创建一个认证，并且导出到cer，pfx，然后从store，cer，pfx读取信息
public sealed class DataCertificate
{
#region 生成证书
/// <summary>
/// 根据指定的证书名和makecert全路径生成证书（包含公钥和私钥，并保存在MY存储区）
/// </summary>
/// <param name="subjectName"></param>
/// <param name="makecertPath"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool CreateCertWithPrivateKey(string subjectName, string makecertPath)
{
subjectName = "CN=" + subjectName;
string param = " -pe -ss my -n \"" + subjectName + "\" ";
try
{
Process p = Process.Start(makecertPath, param);
p.WaitForExit();
p.Close();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
return false;
}
return true;
}
#endregion
#region 文件导入导出
/// <summary>
/// 从WINDOWS证书存储区的个人MY区找到主题为subjectName的证书，
/// 并导出为pfx文件，同时为其指定一个密码
/// 并将证书从个人区删除(如果isDelFromstor为true)
/// </summary>
/// <param name="subjectName">证书主题，不包含CN=</param>
/// <param name="pfxFileName">pfx文件名</param>
/// <param name="password">pfx文件密码</param>
/// <param name="isDelFromStore">是否从存储区删除</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool ExportToPfxFile(string subjectName, string pfxFileName,
string password, bool isDelFromStore)
{
subjectName = "CN=" + subjectName;
X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.My, StoreLocation.CurrentUser);
store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadWrite);
X509Certificate2Collection storecollection = (X509Certificate2Collection)store.Certificates;
foreach (X509Certificate2 x509 in storecollection)
{
if (x509.Subject == subjectName)
{
Debug.Print(string.Format("certificate name: {0}", x509.Subject));
byte[] pfxByte = x509.Export(X509ContentType.Pfx, password);
using (FileStream fileStream = new FileStream(pfxFileName, FileMode.Create))
{
// Write the data to the file, byte by byte.
for (int i = 0; i < pfxByte.Length; i++)
fileStream.WriteByte(pfxByte[i]);
// Set the stream position to the beginning of the file.
fileStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
// Read and verify the data.
for (int i = 0; i < fileStream.Length; i++)
{
if (pfxByte[i] != fileStream.ReadByte())
{
fileStream.Close();
return false;
}
}
fileStream.Close();
}
if( isDelFromStore == true)
store.Remove(x509);
}
}
store.Close();
store = null;
storecollection = null;
return true;
}
/// <summary>
/// 从WINDOWS证书存储区的个人MY区找到主题为subjectName的证书，
/// 并导出为CER文件（即，只含公钥的）
/// </summary>
/// <param name="subjectName"></param>
/// <param name="cerFileName"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool ExportToCerFile(string subjectName, string cerFileName)
{
subjectName = "CN=" + subjectName;
X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.My, StoreLocation.CurrentUser);
store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadWrite);
X509Certificate2Collection storecollection = (X509Certificate2Collection)store.Certificates;
foreach (X509Certificate2 x509 in storecollection)
{
if (x509.Subject == subjectName)
{
Debug.Print(string.Format("certificate name: {0}", x509.Subject));
//byte[] pfxByte = x509.Export(X509ContentType.Pfx, password);
byte[] cerByte = x509.Export(X509ContentType.Cert);
using (FileStream fileStream = new FileStream(cerFileName, FileMode.Create))
{
// Write the data to the file, byte by byte.
for (int i = 0; i < cerByte.Length; i++)
fileStream.WriteByte(cerByte[i]);
// Set the stream position to the beginning of the file.
fileStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
// Read and verify the data.
for (int i = 0; i < fileStream.Length; i++)
{
if (cerByte[i] != fileStream.ReadByte())
{
fileStream.Close();
return false;
}
}
fileStream.Close();
}
}
}
store.Close();
store = null;
storecollection = null;
return true;
}
#endregion
#region 从证书中获取信息
/// <summary>
/// 根据私钥证书得到证书实体，得到实体后可以根据其公钥和私钥进行加解密
/// 加解密函数使用DEncrypt的RSACryption类
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pfxFileName"></param>
/// <param name="password"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static X509Certificate2 GetCertificateFromPfxFile(string pfxFileName,
string password)
{
try
{
return new X509Certificate2(pfxFileName, password, X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
return null;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 到存储区获取证书
/// </summary>
/// <param name="subjectName"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static X509Certificate2 GetCertificateFromStore(string subjectName)
{
subjectName = "CN=" + subjectName;
X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.My, StoreLocation.CurrentUser);
store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadWrite);
X509Certificate2Collection storecollection = (X509Certificate2Collection)store.Certificates;
foreach (X509Certificate2 x509 in storecollection)
{
if (x509.Subject == subjectName)
{
return x509;
}
}
store.Close();
store = null;
storecollection = null;
return null;
}
/// <summary>
/// 根据公钥证书，返回证书实体
/// </summary>
/// <param name="cerPath"></param>
public static X509Certificate2 GetCertFromCerFile(string cerPath)
{
try
{
return new X509Certificate2(cerPath);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
return null;
}
}
#endregion
} 两个RSA加解密辅助函数：
static string RSADecrypt(string xmlPrivateKey, string m_strDecryptString)
{
RSACryptoServiceProvider provider = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
provider.FromXmlString(xmlPrivateKey);
byte[] rgb = Convert.FromBase64String(m_strDecryptString);
byte[] bytes = provider.Decrypt(rgb, false);
return new UnicodeEncoding().GetString(bytes);
}
/// <summary>
/// RSA加密
/// </summary>
/// <param name="xmlPublicKey"></param>
/// <param name="m_strEncryptString"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
static string RSAEncrypt(string xmlPublicKey, string m_strEncryptString)
{
RSACryptoServiceProvider provider = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
provider.FromXmlString(xmlPublicKey);
byte[] bytes = new UnicodeEncoding().GetBytes(m_strEncryptString);
return Convert.ToBase64String(provider.Encrypt(bytes, false));
}
使用例子，下面的代码做了几个事情
1. 在个人store里面创建了一个认证， 从认证里面读取信息得到一个X509Certificate2的对象，这个对象内部包含公钥和私钥，然后做了次rsa加解密测试。
2. 从store里面导出一个cer文件，因为cer文件并没有私钥，只有公钥。测试代码就是用公钥加密然后用前面得到的私钥解密。
3. 导出一个pfx文件，pfx包括公钥和私钥，可以自己加解密。
这是个很简单的例子，但是对于理解cer文件和pfx文件已经公钥私钥应该有帮助。
// 在personal（个人）里面创建一个foo的证书
DataCertificate.CreateCertWithPrivateKey("foo", "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\8.1\\bin\\x64\\makecert.exe");
// 获取证书
X509Certificate2 c1 = DataCertificate.GetCertificateFromStore("foo");
string keyPublic = c1.PublicKey.Key.ToXmlString(false); // 公钥
string keyPrivate = c1.PrivateKey.ToXmlString(true); // 私钥
string cypher = RSAEncrypt(keyPublic, "程序员"); // 加密
string plain = RSADecrypt(keyPrivate, cypher); // 解密
Debug.Assert(plain == "程序员");
// 生成一个cert文件
DataCertificate.ExportToCerFile("foo", "d:\\mycert\\foo.cer");
X509Certificate2 c2 = DataCertificate.GetCertFromCerFile("d:\\mycert\\foo.cer");
string keyPublic2 = c2.PublicKey.Key.ToXmlString(false);
bool b = keyPublic2 == keyPublic;
string cypher2 = RSAEncrypt(keyPublic2, "程序员2"); // 加密
string plain2 = RSADecrypt(keyPrivate, cypher2); // 解密, cer里面并没有私钥，所以这里使用前面得到的私钥来解密
Debug.Assert(plain2 == "程序员2");
// 生成一个pfx， 并且从store里面删除
DataCertificate.ExportToPfxFile("foo", "d:\\mycert\\foo.pfx", "111", true);
X509Certificate2 c3 = DataCertificate.GetCertificateFromPfxFile("d:\\mycert\\foo.pfx", "111");
string keyPublic3 = c3.PublicKey.Key.ToXmlString(false); // 公钥
string keyPrivate3 = c3.PrivateKey.ToXmlString(true); // 私钥
string cypher3 = RSAEncrypt(keyPublic3, "程序员3"); // 加密
string plain3 = RSADecrypt(keyPrivate3, cypher3); // 解密
Debug.Assert(plain3 == "程序员3");
附：完整代码
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
using System.Text;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
public sealed class DataCertificate
{
#region 生成证书
/// <summary>
/// 根据指定的证书名和makecert全路径生成证书（包含公钥和私钥，并保存在MY存储区）
/// </summary>
/// <param name="subjectName"></param>
/// <param name="makecertPath"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool CreateCertWithPrivateKey(string subjectName, string makecertPath)
{
subjectName = "CN=" + subjectName;
string param = " -pe -ss my -n \"" + subjectName + "\" ";
try
{
Process p = Process.Start(makecertPath, param);
p.WaitForExit();
p.Close();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
return false;
}
return true;
}
#endregion
#region 文件导入导出
/// <summary>
/// 从WINDOWS证书存储区的个人MY区找到主题为subjectName的证书，
/// 并导出为pfx文件，同时为其指定一个密码
/// 并将证书从个人区删除(如果isDelFromstor为true)
/// </summary>
/// <param name="subjectName">证书主题，不包含CN=</param>
/// <param name="pfxFileName">pfx文件名</param>
/// <param name="password">pfx文件密码</param>
/// <param name="isDelFromStore">是否从存储区删除</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool ExportToPfxFile(string subjectName, string pfxFileName,
string password, bool isDelFromStore)
{
subjectName = "CN=" + subjectName;
X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.My, StoreLocation.CurrentUser);
store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadWrite);
X509Certificate2Collection storecollection = (X509Certificate2Collection)store.Certificates;
foreach (X509Certificate2 x509 in storecollection)
{
if (x509.Subject == subjectName)
{
Debug.Print(string.Format("certificate name: {0}", x509.Subject));
byte[] pfxByte = x509.Export(X509ContentType.Pfx, password);
using (FileStream fileStream = new FileStream(pfxFileName, FileMode.Create))
{
// Write the data to the file, byte by byte.
for (int i = 0; i < pfxByte.Length; i++)
fileStream.WriteByte(pfxByte[i]);
// Set the stream position to the beginning of the file.
fileStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
// Read and verify the data.
for (int i = 0; i < fileStream.Length; i++)
{
if (pfxByte[i] != fileStream.ReadByte())
{
fileStream.Close();
return false;
}
}
fileStream.Close();
}
if( isDelFromStore == true)
store.Remove(x509);
}
}
store.Close();
store = null;
storecollection = null;
return true;
}
/// <summary>
/// 从WINDOWS证书存储区的个人MY区找到主题为subjectName的证书，
/// 并导出为CER文件（即，只含公钥的）
/// </summary>
/// <param name="subjectName"></param>
/// <param name="cerFileName"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool ExportToCerFile(string subjectName, string cerFileName)
{
subjectName = "CN=" + subjectName;
X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.My, StoreLocation.CurrentUser);
store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadWrite);
X509Certificate2Collection storecollection = (X509Certificate2Collection)store.Certificates;
foreach (X509Certificate2 x509 in storecollection)
{
if (x509.Subject == subjectName)
{
Debug.Print(string.Format("certificate name: {0}", x509.Subject));
//byte[] pfxByte = x509.Export(X509ContentType.Pfx, password);
byte[] cerByte = x509.Export(X509ContentType.Cert);
using (FileStream fileStream = new FileStream(cerFileName, FileMode.Create))
{
// Write the data to the file, byte by byte.
for (int i = 0; i < cerByte.Length; i++)
fileStream.WriteByte(cerByte[i]);
// Set the stream position to the beginning of the file.
fileStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
// Read and verify the data.
for (int i = 0; i < fileStream.Length; i++)
{
if (cerByte[i] != fileStream.ReadByte())
{
fileStream.Close();
return false;
}
}
fileStream.Close();
}
}
}
store.Close();
store = null;
storecollection = null;
return true;
}
#endregion
#region 从证书中获取信息
/// <summary>
/// 根据私钥证书得到证书实体，得到实体后可以根据其公钥和私钥进行加解密
/// 加解密函数使用DEncrypt的RSACryption类
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pfxFileName"></param>
/// <param name="password"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static X509Certificate2 GetCertificateFromPfxFile(string pfxFileName,
string password)
{
try
{
return new X509Certificate2(pfxFileName, password, X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
return null;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 到存储区获取证书
/// </summary>
/// <param name="subjectName"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static X509Certificate2 GetCertificateFromStore(string subjectName)
{
subjectName = "CN=" + subjectName;
X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.My, StoreLocation.CurrentUser);
store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadWrite);
X509Certificate2Collection storecollection = (X509Certificate2Collection)store.Certificates;
foreach (X509Certificate2 x509 in storecollection)
{
if (x509.Subject == subjectName)
{
return x509;
}
}
store.Close();
store = null;
storecollection = null;
return null;
}
/// <summary>
/// 根据公钥证书，返回证书实体
/// </summary>
/// <param name="cerPath"></param>
public static X509Certificate2 GetCertFromCerFile(string cerPath)
{
try
{
return new X509Certificate2(cerPath);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
return null;
}
}
#endregion
}
class Program
{
static string RSADecrypt(string xmlPrivateKey, string m_strDecryptString)
{
RSACryptoServiceProvider provider = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
provider.FromXmlString(xmlPrivateKey);
byte[] rgb = Convert.FromBase64String(m_strDecryptString);
byte[] bytes = provider.Decrypt(rgb, false);
return new UnicodeEncoding().GetString(bytes);
}
/// <summary>
/// RSA加密
/// </summary>
/// <param name="xmlPublicKey"></param>
/// <param name="m_strEncryptString"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
static string RSAEncrypt(string xmlPublicKey, string m_strEncryptString)
{
RSACryptoServiceProvider provider = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
provider.FromXmlString(xmlPublicKey);
byte[] bytes = new UnicodeEncoding().GetBytes(m_strEncryptString);
return Convert.ToBase64String(provider.Encrypt(bytes, false));
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// 在personal（个人）里面创建一个foo的证书
DataCertificate.CreateCertWithPrivateKey("foo", "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\8.1\\bin\\x64\\makecert.exe");
// 获取证书
X509Certificate2 c1 = DataCertificate.GetCertificateFromStore("foo");
string keyPublic = c1.PublicKey.Key.ToXmlString(false); // 公钥
string keyPrivate = c1.PrivateKey.ToXmlString(true); // 私钥
string cypher = RSAEncrypt(keyPublic, "程序员"); // 加密
string plain = RSADecrypt(keyPrivate, cypher); // 解密
Debug.Assert(plain == "程序员");
// 生成一个cert文件
DataCertificate.ExportToCerFile("foo", "d:\\mycert\\foo.cer");
X509Certificate2 c2 = DataCertificate.GetCertFromCerFile("d:\\mycert\\foo.cer");
string keyPublic2 = c2.PublicKey.Key.ToXmlString(false);
bool b = keyPublic2 == keyPublic;
string cypher2 = RSAEncrypt(keyPublic2, "程序员2"); // 加密
string plain2 = RSADecrypt(keyPrivate, cypher2); // 解密, cer里面并没有私钥，所以这里使用前面得到的私钥来解密
Debug.Assert(plain2 == "程序员2");
// 生成一个pfx， 并且从store里面删除
DataCertificate.ExportToPfxFile("foo", "d:\\mycert\\foo.pfx", "111", true);
X509Certificate2 c3 = DataCertificate.GetCertificateFromPfxFile("d:\\mycert\\foo.pfx", "111");
string keyPublic3 = c3.PublicKey.Key.ToXmlString(false); // 公钥
string keyPrivate3 = c3.PrivateKey.ToXmlString(true); // 私钥
string cypher3 = RSAEncrypt(keyPublic3, "程序员3"); // 加密
string plain3 = RSADecrypt(keyPrivate3, cypher3); // 解密
Debug.Assert(plain3 == "程序员3");
}
}
}
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