c++中const关键字补充知识点

const 修饰类对象的时候，表示常量对象，此时，不能调用类中的非const函数！非const函数指原型声明中结尾不加const的函数！

class A{
...
public:
    int GetID() const 
    {...}
    void SetID(int id)
    {...}
};
...

const class A a;
a.GetID();   // 没问题
// a.SetID(100);   // 不能调用非const函数

const 修饰iterator迭代器，表示迭代器是常量迭代器，不能对迭代器进行加减(++, --)等重指向操作(* const)

const vector<int>::iterator it = vecInt.begin();
...
// it++; // 非法操作

const_iterator 表示迭代器所指向的对象是常量（内置类型或class），此时可以对迭代器进行增减，但是不能修改所指向的值或对象的值(const *)

vector<int>::const_iterator cit = vecInt.begin();
for (; cit != vecInt.end(); cit++;)
{
    // (*cit)++;   // 非法操作
}

const 修饰容器本身时，表示容器本身不可更改，例如，不能进行push_back, pop_back等改变容器本身的操作；但可以改变容器中的内容

const vector<int> cvecInt = vecInt;  //初始化

cvecInt[0] = 100;  // 允许修改
// cvecInt.push_back(900);  // 非法操作，不允许修改容器本身

完整例子

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

class Student
{
private:
	int id;
	string name;
public:
	Student()
	{
	}

	int GetID()	const
	{
		return id;
	}
	void SetID(const int o_id)
	{
		id = o_id;
	}

	string GetName() const
	{
		return name;
	}
	void SetName(const string o_name)
	{
		name = o_name;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream &out, const Student& rhs)
	{
		out << "ID = " << rhs.id << " Name = " << rhs.name << endl;
		return out;
	}
};

int main()
{
	vector<int> vecInt;
	vecInt.push_back(2);
	vecInt.push_back(5);
	vecInt.push_back(3);

	vector<int>::iterator it;
	for (it = vecInt.begin(); it != vecInt.end(); ++it)
	{
		cout << *it << endl;
		(*it)++;
		cout << *it << endl;
	}

	cout << ">--------------------------------------<\n";
	vector<int>::const_iterator cit;
	for (cit = vecInt.begin(); cit != vecInt.end(); ++cit)
	{
		cout << *cit << endl;
		//(*cit)++;		const_iterator表示迭代器指向的对象是常量
	}

	cout << ">--------------------------------------<\n";

	const vector<int>::iterator ccit = vecInt.begin();
	(*ccit)++;
	cout << *ccit << endl;
	//for (; ccit != vecInt.end(); ++ccit)	// const iterator表示迭代器的指向是常量
	//{
	//	cout << *ccit << endl;
	//	(*ccit)++;		
	//}

	cout << ">--------------------------------------<\n";

	const vector<int> cvecInt(vecInt.begin(), vecInt.end());

	// cvecInt.push_back(2);	cvecInt本身不可更改，但内部的元素可以更改

	vector<int>::const_iterator c_it;
	for (c_it = cvecInt.begin(); c_it != cvecInt.end(); ++c_it)
	{
		cout << *c_it << endl;
	}

	cout << ">--------------------------------------<\n";

	vector<Student> vecStu;
	vecStu.push_back(Student());
	vecStu.push_back(Student());
	vecStu.push_back(Student());

	vecStu[0].SetID(100);
	vecStu[0].SetName("Student100");
	vecStu[1].SetID(200);
	vecStu[1].SetName("Student200");
	vecStu[2].SetID(300);
	vecStu[2].SetName("Student300");

	vector<Student>::iterator sit;
	for (sit = vecStu.begin(); sit != vecStu.end(); ++sit)
	{
		cout << "ID = " << (*sit).GetID() << " Name = " << (*sit).GetName() << endl;
	}

	cout << ">--------------------------------------<\n";

	vecStu[0].SetID(1000);
	vecStu[0].SetName("Student1000");
	vecStu[1].SetID(2000);
	vecStu[1].SetName("Student2000");
	vecStu[2].SetID(3000);
	vecStu[2].SetName("Student3000");

	vector<Student>::const_iterator scit;
	for (scit = vecStu.begin(); scit != vecStu.end(); ++scit)
	{
		cout << *scit;
		//scit->SetID(1000);
		cout << "After set ID:\n";
		cout << "ID = " << (*scit).GetID() << " Name = " << (*scit).GetName() << endl;
	}

	cout << ">--------------------------------------<\n";

	const Student stu;
	stu.GetID();
	//stu.SetID(1);
	stu.GetName();
	//stu.SetName("lalala");

	const Student* pStu = new Student();
	pStu->GetID();
	//pStu->SetID(3);
	pStu->GetName();
	//pStu->SetName("bbabba");

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}