java高级应用：线程池全面解析

 

什么是线程池？

很简单，简单看名字就知道是装有线程的池子，我们可以把要执行的多线程交给线程池来处理，和连接池的概念一样，通过维护一定数量的线程池来达到多个线程的复用。

 

线程池的好处

我们知道不用线程池的话，每个线程都要通过new Thread(xxRunnable).start()的方式来创建并运行一个线程，线程少的话这不会是问题，而真实环境可能会开启多个线程让系统和程序达到最佳效率，当线程数达到一定数量就会耗尽系统的CPU和内存资源，也会造成GC频繁收集和停顿，因为每次创建和销毁一个线程都是要消耗系统资源的，如果为每个任务都创建线程这无疑是一个很大的性能瓶颈。所以，线程池中的线程复用极大节省了系统资源，当线程一段时间不再有任务处理时它也会自动销毁，而不会长驻内存。

 

线程池核心类

在java.util.concurrent包中我们能找到线程池的定义，其中ThreadPoolExecutor是我们线程池核心类，首先看看线程池类的主要参数有哪些。

    public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                              int maximumPoolSize,
                              long keepAliveTime,
                              TimeUnit unit,
                              BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
                              ThreadFactory threadFactory,
                              RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
        if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
            maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
            maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
            keepAliveTime < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
        this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
        this.workQueue = workQueue;
        this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
        this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
        this.handler = handler;
    }

• corePoolSize：线程池的核心大小，也可以理解为最小的线程池大小。

• maximumPoolSize：最大线程池大小。

• keepAliveTime：空余线程存活时间，指的是超过corePoolSize的空余线程达到多长时间才进行销毁。

• unit：销毁时间单位。

• workQueue：存储等待执行线程的工作队列。

• threadFactory：创建线程的工厂，一般用默认即可。

• handler：拒绝策略，当工作队列、线程池全已满时如何拒绝新任务，默认抛出异常。

 

线程池工作流程

1、如果线程池中的线程小于corePoolSize时就会创建新线程直接执行任务。

2、如果线程池中的线程大于corePoolSize时就会暂时把任务存储到工作队列workQueue中等待执行。

3、如果工作队列workQueue也满时：当线程数小于最大线程池数maximumPoolSize时就会创建新线程来处理，而线程数大于等于最大线程池数maximumPoolSize时就会执行拒绝策略。

 

线程池分类

Executors是jdk里面提供的创建线程池的工厂类，它默认提供了4种常用的线程池应用，而不必我们去重复构造。

• newFixedThreadPool

  固定线程池，核心线程数和最大线程数固定相等，而空闲存活时间为0毫秒，说明此参数也无意义，工作队列为最大为Integer.MAX_VALUE大小的阻塞队列。当执行任务时，如果线程都很忙，就会丢到工作队列等有空闲线程时再执行，队列满就执行默认的拒绝策略。

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
     * operating off a shared unbounded queue.  At any point, at most
     * {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing tasks.
     * If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
     * they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
     * If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
     * prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
     * execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will exist
     * until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
     *
     * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
     */
    public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }

 

• newCachedThreadPool

        带缓冲线程池，从构造看核心线程数为0，最大线程数为Integer最大值大小，超过0个的空闲线程在60秒后销毁，SynchronousQueue这是一个直接提交的队列，意味着每个新任务都会有线程来执行，如果线程池有可用线程则执行任务，没有的话就创建一个来执行，线程池中的线程数不确定，一般建议执行速度较快较小的线程，不然这个最大线程池边界过大容易造成内存溢出。

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
     * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
     * available.  These pools will typically improve the performance
     * of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
     * Calls to {@code execute} will reuse previously constructed
     * threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
     * thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
     * not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
     * the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
     * not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
     * properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
     * may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
     *
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     */
    public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
    }

 

• newSingleThreadExecutor

        单线程线程池，核心线程数和最大线程数均为1，空闲线程存活0毫秒同样无意思，意味着每次只执行一个线程，多余的先存储到工作队列，一个一个执行，保证了线程的顺序执行。

    /**
     * Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
     * off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
     * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
     * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
     * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
     * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
     * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
     * {@code newFixedThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
     * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
     *
     * @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
     */
    public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
    }

 

• newScheduledThreadPool

  调度线程池，即按一定的周期执行任务，即定时任务，对ThreadPoolExecutor进行了包装而已。

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
     * given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
     * even if they are idle
     * @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
        return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
    }

 

拒绝策略

• AbortPolicy

      简单粗暴，直接抛出拒绝异常，这也是默认的拒绝策略。

    /**
     * A handler for rejected tasks that throws a
     * {@code RejectedExecutionException}.
     */
    public static class AbortPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
        /**
         * Creates an {@code AbortPolicy}.
         */
        public AbortPolicy() { }

        /**
         * Always throws RejectedExecutionException.
         *
         * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
         * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
         * @throws RejectedExecutionException always
         */
        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            throw new RejectedExecutionException("Task " + r.toString() +
                                                 " rejected from " +
                                                 e.toString());
        }
    }

    /**
     * The default rejected execution handler
     */
    private static final RejectedExecutionHandler defaultHandler =
        new AbortPolicy();

 

• CallerRunsPolicy     

       如果线程池未关闭，则会在调用者线程中直接执行新任务，这会导致主线程提交线程性能变慢。

    /**
     * A handler for rejected tasks that runs the rejected task
     * directly in the calling thread of the {@code execute} method,
     * unless the executor has been shut down, in which case the task
     * is discarded.
     */
    public static class CallerRunsPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
        /**
         * Creates a {@code CallerRunsPolicy}.
         */
        public CallerRunsPolicy() { }

        /**
         * Executes task r in the caller's thread, unless the executor
         * has been shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
         *
         * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
         * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
         */
        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            if (!e.isShutdown()) {
                r.run();
            }
        }
    }

 

• DiscardPolicy

       从方法看没做任务操作，即表示不处理新任务，即丢弃。

    /**
     * A handler for rejected tasks that silently discards the
     * rejected task.
     */
    public static class DiscardPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
        /**
         * Creates a {@code DiscardPolicy}.
         */
        public DiscardPolicy() { }

        /**
         * Does nothing, which has the effect of discarding task r.
         *
         * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
         * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
         */
        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
        }
    }

 

• DiscardOldestPolicy

       抛弃最老的任务，就是从队列取出最老的任务然后放入新的任务进行执行。        

    /**
     * A handler for rejected tasks that discards the oldest unhandled
     * request and then retries {@code execute}, unless the executor
     * is shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
     */
    public static class DiscardOldestPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
        /**
         * Creates a {@code DiscardOldestPolicy} for the given executor.
         */
        public DiscardOldestPolicy() { }

        /**
         * Obtains and ignores the next task that the executor
         * would otherwise execute, if one is immediately available,
         * and then retries execution of task r, unless the executor
         * is shut down, in which case task r is instead discarded.
         *
         * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
         * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
         */
        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            if (!e.isShutdown()) {
                e.getQueue().poll();
                e.execute(r);
            }
        }
    }

 

如何提交线程

如可以先随便定义一个固定大小的线程池

ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);

提交一个线程

es.submit(xxRunnble);
es.execute(xxRunnble);

submit和execute分别有什么区别呢？

execute没有返回值，如果不需要知道线程的结果就使用execute方法，性能会好很多。

submit返回一个Future对象，如果想知道线程结果就使用submit提交，而且它能在主线程中通过Future的get方法捕获线程中的异常。

 

如何关闭线程池

es.shutdown(); 

不再接受新的任务，之前提交的任务等执行结束再关闭线程池。

 

es.shutdownNow();

不再接受新的任务，试图停止池中的任务再关闭线程池，返回所有未处理的线程list列表。