232/422/485/CAN电平与阻抗

典型的RS-232信号在正负电平之间摆动,在发送数据时,发送端驱动器输出正电平在+5~+15V,负电平在-5~-15V电平。当无数据传输时,线上为TTL,从开始传送数据到结束,线上电平从TTL电平到RS-232电平再返回TTL电平。接收器典型的工作电平在+3~+12V与-3~-12V。

其有关电气参数参见表1。

规定

RS232

RS422

R485

工作方式

单端

差分

差分

节点数

1收、1发

1发10收

1发32收

最大传输电缆长度

50英尺

400英尺

400英尺

最大传输速率

20Kb/S

10Mb/s

10Mb/s

最大驱动输出电压

+/-25V

-0.25V~+6V

-7V~+12V

驱动器输出信号电平
(
负载最小值)

负载

+/-5V~+/-15V

+/-2.0V

+/-1.5V

驱动器输出信号电平
(
空载最大值)

空载

+/-25V

+/-6V

+/-6V

驱动器负载阻抗(Ω)

3K~7K

100

54

摆率(最大值)

30V/μs

N/A

N/A

接收器输入电压范围

+/-15V

-10V~+10V

-7V~+12V

接收器输入门限

+/-3V

+/-200mV

+/-200mV

接收器输入电阻(Ω)

3K~7K

4K(最小)

≥12K

驱动器共模电压

  

-3V~+3V

-1V~+3V

接收器共模电压

  

-7V~+7V

-7V~+12V

表1

当|Ar-Br|<200 mV时,接收器数据的判别。一般可采用电阻网络,将Ar通过10 kΩ的电阻接在VCC上,而将Br通过10 kΩ的电阻接在GROUND上,这样,当总线上没有信号传输的时候,即可保持Ar的电平为3.2 V左右,Br的电平大约为1.6 V,这样,即使有干扰信号,也很难产生串行通信的起始信号0。

        在VCAN-L对地共模电压波形中,总线未被操作时平均电平约为2.5V,被单个站操作时电平下降约1V。在VCAN-H对地共模电压波形中,总线未被操作时平均电平约为2.5V,被单个站操作时电平上升约1V。而在CAN总线间差分电压波形中,总线未被操作时平均电平约为0V,被单个站操作时电平2V。

    负载增加,或终端电阻数量增加,都使总线上差分电压下降,抗干扰能力显然是下降的。

    终端电阻个数增加,等效于CAN间的差分电阻变小,故总线上的差分电压也是减小的,故其抗干扰能力下降。

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Just when you thought you had mastered Zo, the characteristic impedance of a PCB trace, along comes a data sheet that tells you to design for a specific differential impedance. And to make things tougher, it says things like: “… since the coupling of two traces can lower the effective impedance, use 50 Ohm design rules to achieve a differential impedance of approximately 80 Ohms!” Is that confusing or what!! This article shows you what differential impedance is. But more than that, it discusses why it is, and shows you how to make the correct calculations. Single Trace: Figure 1(a) illustrates a typical, individual trace. It has a characteristic impedance, Zo, and carries a current, i. The voltage along it, at any point, is (from Ohm’s law) V = Zo*i. General case, trace pair: Figure 1(b) illustrates a pair of traces. Trace 1 has a characteristic impedance Z11, which corresponds to Zo, above, and current i1. Trace 2 is similarly defined. As we bring Trace 2 closer to Trace 1, current from Trace 2 begins to couple into Trace 1 with a proportionality constant, k. Similarly, Trace 1’s current, i1, begins to couple into Trace 2 with the same proportionality constant. The voltage on each trace, at any point, again from Ohm’s law, is: V1 = Z11 * i1 + Z11 * k * i2 Eqs. 1 V2 = Z22 * i2 + Z22 * k * i1 Now let’s define Z12 = k*Z11 and Z21 = k*Z22. Then, Eqs. 1 can be written as: V1 = Z11 * i1 + Z12 * i2 Eqs. 2 V2 = Z21 * i1 + Z22 * i2 This is the familiar pair of simultaneous equations we often see in texts. The equations can be generalized into an arbitrary number of traces, and they can be expressed in a matrix form that is familiar to many of you. Special case, differential pair: Figure 1(c) illustrates a differential pair of traces. Repeating Equations 1: V1 = Z11 * i1 + Z11 * k * i2 Eqs. 1 V2 = Z22 * i2 + Z22 * k * i1 Now, note that in a carefully designed and balanced situation, Z11 = Z22 = Zo, and i2 = -i1 This leads (with a little manipulation) to: V1 = Zo * i1 * (1-k)
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