Handler ,Looper , Message , MessageQueue的调度原理

一、Handler机制工作流程

Android的消息机制主要是指Handler的运行机制，Handler的运行需要底层的MessageQueue和Looper的支撑，MessageQueue是指消息队列，它的内部存储了一组消息，以队列的形式对外提供插入和删除工作，它的内部存储结构并不是真正的队列，而是采用单链表的数据结构来存储消息列表。Looper是消息循环，由于MessageQueue只是一个消息的存储单元，它不能去处理消息，而Looper填补了这个功能，Looper会以无限循环的形式去查询是否有新消息，有的话就处理消息，否则就一直等待着，Looper中还有一个特殊的概念-ThreadLocal，ThreadLocal并不是线程，它的作用是可以在每个线程中存储数据，Handler创建的时候会采用当前线程的Looper来构造消息循环系统，那么Handler内部就是用ThreadLocal来获取当前线程的Looper的。需注意的是线程默认是没有Looper的，如果需要使用Handler就必须为线程创建Looper，我们所说的主线程（UI线程）就是ActivityThread，它在被创建的时候会初始化Looper，所以主线程默认可以使用Handler了。

二、Handler消息机制原理深入剖析

1.MessageQueue的工作原理

MessageQueue主要包含两个操作，插入和读取，读取操作本身会伴随着删除操作，插入和读取对应的方法分别为enqueueMessage和next，其中enqueueMessage是往消息队列中插入一条消息，而next的作用是从消息队列中取出一条消息并将其从消息队列中移除，下面分析下enqueueMessage和next方法的源码：

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

enqueueMessage主要操作其实就是单链表的插入操作，
下面来看一下next的源码：

Message next() {
        // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
        // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
        // which is not supported.
        final long ptr = mPtr;
        if (ptr == 0) {
            return null;
        }

        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }

            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

                ...
            }

           ...
        }
    }

可以看出next方法是一个无限循环的方法，如果消息队列中没有消息，那么next的方法会一直阻塞在这里，当有新信息来时，next方法会返回这条消息并将其从单链表移除。

2.Looper的工作原理、

Looper会不停地从MessageQueue中查看是否有新消息，如果有新消息就会立刻处理，否则就一直阻塞在那里。

public final class Looper {
    /*
     * API Implementation Note:
     *
     * This class contains the code required to set up and manage an event loop
     * based on MessageQueue.  APIs that affect the state of the queue should be
     * defined on MessageQueue or Handler rather than on Looper itself.  For example,
     * idle handlers and sync barriers are defined on the queue whereas preparing the
     * thread, looping, and quitting are defined on the looper.
     */

    private static final String TAG = "Looper";

    // sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
    static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
    private static Looper sMainLooper;  // guarded by Looper.class

    final MessageQueue mQueue;
    final Thread mThread;

    private Printer mLogging;
    private long mTraceTag;

     /** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
      * This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
      * this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
      * {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
      * {@link #quit()}.
      */
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

    /**
     * Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
     * application's main looper. The main looper for your application
     * is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
     * to call this function yourself.  See also: {@link #prepare()}
     */
    public static void prepareMainLooper() {
        prepare(false);
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            if (sMainLooper != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
            }
            sMainLooper = myLooper();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the application's main looper, which lives in the main thread of the application.
     */
    public static Looper getMainLooper() {
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            return sMainLooper;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
     * {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
     */
    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
            if (traceTag != 0) {
                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
            }
            try {
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread.  Returns
     * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
     */
    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

    /**
     * Return the {@link MessageQueue} object associated with the current
     * thread.  This must be called from a thread running a Looper, or a
     * NullPointerException will be thrown.
     */
    public static @NonNull MessageQueue myQueue() {
        return myLooper().mQueue;
    }

    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the current thread is this looper's thread.
     */
    public boolean isCurrentThread() {
        return Thread.currentThread() == mThread;
    }

    /**
     * Control logging of messages as they are processed by this Looper.  If
     * enabled, a log message will be written to <var>printer</var>
     * at the beginning and ending of each message dispatch, identifying the
     * target Handler and message contents.
     *
     * @param printer A Printer object that will receive log messages, or
     * null to disable message logging.
     */
    public void setMessageLogging(@Nullable Printer printer) {
        mLogging = printer;
    }

    /** {@hide} */
    public void setTraceTag(long traceTag) {
        mTraceTag = traceTag;
    }

    /**
     * Quits the looper.
     * <p>
     * Causes the {@link #loop} method to terminate without processing any
     * more messages in the message queue.
     * </p><p>
     * Any attempt to post messages to the queue after the looper is asked to quit will fail.
     * For example, the {@link Handler#sendMessage(Message)} method will return false.
     * </p><p class="note">
     * Using this method may be unsafe because some messages may not be delivered
     * before the looper terminates.  Consider using {@link #quitSafely} instead to ensure
     * that all pending work is completed in an orderly manner.
     * </p>
     *
     * @see #quitSafely
     */
    public void quit() {
        mQueue.quit(false);
    }

    /**
     * Quits the looper safely.
     * <p>
     * Causes the {@link #loop} method to terminate as soon as all remaining messages
     * in the message queue that are already due to be delivered have been handled.
     * However pending delayed messages with due times in the future will not be
     * delivered before the loop terminates.
     * </p><p>
     * Any attempt to post messages to the queue after the looper is asked to quit will fail.
     * For example, the {@link Handler#sendMessage(Message)} method will return false.
     * </p>
     */
    public void quitSafely() {
        mQueue.quit(true);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the Thread associated with this Looper.
     *
     * @return The looper's thread.
     */
    public @NonNull Thread getThread() {
        return mThread;
    }

    /**
     * Gets this looper's message queue.
     *
     * @return The looper's message queue.
     */
    public @NonNull MessageQueue getQueue() {
        return mQueue;
    }

    /**
     * Dumps the state of the looper for debugging purposes.
     *
     * @param pw A printer to receive the contents of the dump.
     * @param prefix A prefix to prepend to each line which is printed.
     */
    public void dump(@NonNull Printer pw, @NonNull String prefix) {
        pw.println(prefix + toString());
        mQueue.dump(pw, prefix + "  ");
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Looper (" + mThread.getName() + ", tid " + mThread.getId()
                + ") {" + Integer.toHexString(System.identityHashCode(this)) + "}";
    }
}

在它的构造方法中

    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

会创建一个MessageQueue消息队列，然后将当前的线程对象保存起来。
Looper.prepare（）方法可以为当前线程创建一个Looper，然后再调用Looper.loop（）即可开启消息轮询。

Looper除了prepare方法外，还提供了prepareMainLooper方法，这个方法主要是给主线程也就是AcitivityThread创建Looper使用的，其本质也是通过prepare方法来实现，由于主线程Looper比较特殊，所以Looper提供了一个getMainLooper方法，通过它可以在任何地方获取到主线程的Looper，Looper提供了quit和quitSafely来退出一个Looper，二者的区别是：quit会直接退出Looper，而quitSafely只是设定一个退出标记，然后把消息队列中的已有消息处理完毕后才安全退出。
Looper退出后，通过Handler发送的消息会失败，这个时候Handler的send方法会返回false。在子线程中，如果手动为其创建了Looper，那么在所有的事情完成以后应该调用quit方法来中止消息循环，否则子线程会一直处于等待的状态，

Looper最重要的方法是loop方法，只有调用了loop方法后，消息循环系统才会真正的其作用，
loop方法是一个for的死循环，跳出循环的方式是MessageQueue的next方法返回了null，当Looper的quit方法被调用时，Looper就会调用MessageQueue的quit或者quitSafely方法来通知消息队列退出，当消息队列被标记为退出状态时，它的next方法就会返回null。也就是说Loooper必须退出，否则loop方法就会循环下去，loop方法会调用MessageQueue的next来获取新信息，而next是一个阻塞操作，当没有消息时，next方法会一直阻塞在那里，导致loop方法也一直阻塞。
当有消息到来时，就会调用dispatchMessage方法来处理，但handler的dispatchMessage方法是在创建Handler所使用的Looper中执行的，这样就达到了切换线程执行的目的了。

Handler工作原理

Handler关键方法：

public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
    }


public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what)
{
    return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0);
}


 public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);
    }

public final boolean sendEmptyMessageAtTime(int what, long uptimeMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }


 public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
    {
        if (delayMillis < 0) {
            delayMillis = 0;
        }
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
    }


public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }



 private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }



public final boolean sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue(Message msg) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, 0);
    }

可以看出，Handler发送消息的过程仅仅是向消息队列中插入一条消息，MessageQueue的next方法就会返回这条消息给Looper，最终Looper交由Handler处理，即Handler的dispatchMessage方法会被调用，

/**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

从以上代码可以看出，说如果Message的callback不为null，则通过handleCallback方法来处理消息，Message的callback是一个Runnable对象，实际上就是Handler的post方法所传递的Runnable参数,

private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }

若Message的callback为空，则检查mCallback是否为null，不为null则调用mCallback的handleMessage方法。

Callback是个接口，通过Callback，可以通过Handler handler = new Handler(callback),即可以不需要通过派生Handler子类来创建一个Handler实例，给我们提供了另外一种使用Handler的方式。

最后，调用Hanlder的handleMessage方法来处理消息。

参考资料：《Android开发艺术探索》