49、Mysql使用

一、单表查询方法

  • 单表查询语句
'''
SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                  WHERE 条件
                  GROUP BY field
                  HAVING 筛选
                  ORDER BY field
                  LIMIT 限制条数
'''                  
  • 关键字的执行优先级
'''
# 重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级
from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit
'''

1.找到表:from

2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录

3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组

4.将分组的结果进行having过滤

5.执行select

6.去重

7.将结果按条件排序:order by

8.限制结果的显示条数

1.1 select

company.employee
    员工id      id                  int             
    姓名        emp_name            varchar
    性别        sex                 enum
    年龄        age                 int
    入职日期     hire_date           date
    岗位        post                varchar
    职位描述     post_comment        varchar
    薪水        salary              double
    办公室       office              int
    部门编号     depart_id           int



#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);


#查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex          | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
| age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
| hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

#插入记录
#三个部门:教学,销售,运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

#ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk

  • 功能演示
#简单查询
    SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id 
    FROM employee;

    SELECT * FROM employee;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee;

#避免重复DISTINCT
    SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;    

#通过四则运算查询
    SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
    SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
    SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;

#定义显示格式
   CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
   SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,'  年薪: ', salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;
   
   CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
   SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;

   结合CASE语句:
   SELECT
       (
           CASE
           WHEN NAME = 'egon' THEN
               NAME
           WHEN NAME = 'alex' THEN
               CONCAT(name,'_BIGSB')
           ELSE
               concat(NAME, 'SB')
           END
       ) as new_name
   FROM
       emp;

1.2 where

where字句中可以使用:

  1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=
  2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
  3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
  4. like ‘egon%’
    pattern可以是%或_,
    %表示任意多字符
    _表示一个字符
  5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
#1:单条件查询
    SELECT name FROM employee
        WHERE post='sale';
        
#2:多条件查询
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;

#3:关键字BETWEEN AND
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NULL;

    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
        
    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null
    ps:
        执行
        update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
        再用上条查看,就会有结果了

#5:关键字IN集合查询
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
    
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
    通配符’%’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';

    通配符’_’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE 'al__';

1.3 GROUP BY

'''
单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
    SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数

GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;

GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
    select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
'''

1.4 聚合函数

#强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组

示例:
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
    SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;

1.5 having

#!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having 
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。

#2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
select * from emp having salary > 100000;

1.6 ORDER BY

按单列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age,
        salary DESC;
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;

1.7 LIMIT

示例:
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
        LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
    
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

1.8 正则

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';


小结:对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE name = 'egon';
WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';

# 查看所有员工中名字是jin开头,n或者g结果的员工信息
select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';

二、多表查询

#重点:外链接语法

SELECT 字段列表
    FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
    ON 表1.字段 =2.字段;

2.1 交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积

select * from employee,department;

2.2 内连接:只连接匹配的行

select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;

2.3 外链接之左连接:优先显示左表全部记录

#以左表为准,即找出所有员工信息,当然包括没有部门的员工
#本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果
select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;

2.4 外链接之右连接:优先显示右表全部记录

#以右表为准,即找出所有部门信息,包括没有员工的部门
#本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;

2.5 全外连接:显示左右两个表全部记录

全外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
#注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
#强调:mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
#查看结果
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id   | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|    1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|    6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 | NULL | NULL         |
| NULL | NULL       | NULL   | NULL |   NULL |  203 | 运营         |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

#注意 union与union all的区别:union会去掉相同的纪录

2.6 符合条件连接查询

#示例1:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
    on employee.dep_id = department.id
    where age > 25;

#示例2:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
    where employee.dep_id = department.id
    and age > 25
    order by age asc;

2.7 子查询

#1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3:子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等

2.7.1 带IN关键字的子查询

#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
select id,name from department
    where id in 
        (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);

#查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employee
    where dep_id in 
        (select id from department where name='技术');

#查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id)
select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);

2.7.2 带ANY关键字的子查询

#在 SQL 中 ANY 和 SOME 是同义词,SOME 的用法和功能和 ANY 一模一样。

# ANY 和 IN 运算符不同之处1
ANY 必须和其他的比较运算符共同使用,而且ANY必须将比较运算符放在 ANY 关键字之前,所比较的值需要匹配子查询中的任意一个值,这也就是 ANY 在英文中所表示的意义

例如:使用 IN 和使用 ANY运算符得到的结果是一致的
select * from employee where salary = any (
select max(salary) from employee group by depart_id);

select * from employee where salary in (
select max(salary) from employee group by depart_id);

结论:也就是说“=ANY”等价于 IN 运算符,而“<>ANY”则等价于 NOT IN 运算符

# ANY和 IN 运算符不同之处2
ANY 运算符不能与固定的集合相匹配,比如下面的 SQL 语句是错误的

SELECT
*
FROM
T_Book
WHERE
FYearPublished < ANY (2001, 2003, 2005) 

2.7.3 带ALL关键字的子查询

# all同any类似,只不过all表示的是所有,any表示任一
查询出那些薪资比所有部门的平均薪资都高的员工=》薪资在所有部门平均线以上的狗币资本家
select * from employee where salary > all (
select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id);

查询出那些薪资比所有部门的平均薪资都低的员工=》薪资在所有部门平均线以下的无产阶级劳苦大众
select * from employee where salary < all (
select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id);

查询出那些薪资比任意一个部门的平均薪资低的员工=》薪资在任一部门平均线以下的员工
select * from employee where salary < any ( select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id); 

查询出那些薪资比任意一个部门的平均薪资高的员工=》薪资在任一部门平均线以上的员工
select * from employee where salary > any (
select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id); 

2.7.4 带比较运算符的子查询

#比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
#查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp);
+---------+------+
| name | age |
+---------+------+
| alex | 48 |
| wupeiqi | 38 |
+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


#查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1
inner join 
(select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2
on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
where t1.age > t2.avg_age; 

2.7.5 带EXISTS关键字的子查询

EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
而是返回一个真假值。TrueFalse
当返回True时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为False时,外层查询语句不进行查询
#department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture
mysql> select * from employee
    ->     where exists
    ->         (select id from department where id=200);
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
|  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |
|  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |
|  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |
|  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |
|  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |
|  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+

#department表中存在dept_id=205,False
mysql> select * from employee
    ->     where exists
    ->         (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)

2.7.6 in与exists

!!!!!!当in和exists在查询效率上比较时,in查询的效率快于exists的查询效率!!!!!!

==============================exists==============================
# exists
exists后面一般都是子查询,后面的子查询被称做相关子查询(即与主语句相关),当子查询返回行数时,exists条件返回true,
否则返回false,exists是不返回列表的值的,exists只在乎括号里的数据能不能查找出来,是否存在这样的记录。

# 例
查询出那些班级里有学生的班级
select * from class where exists (select * from stu where stu.cid=class.id)

# exists的执行原理为:
1、依次执行外部查询:即select * from class 
2、然后为外部查询返回的每一行分别执行一次子查询:即(select * from stu where stu.cid=class.cid)
3、子查询如果返回行,则exists条件成立,条件成立则输出外部查询取出的那条记录

==============================in==============================
# in
in后跟的都是子查询,in()后面的子查询 是返回结果集的

# 例
查询和所有女生年龄相同的男生
select * from stu where sex='男' and age in(select age from stu where sex='女')

# in的执行原理为:
in()的执行次序和exists()不一样,in()的子查询会先产生结果集,
然后主查询再去结果集里去找符合要求的字段列表去.符合要求的输出,反之则不输出.

2.7.7 not in与 not exists

!!!!!!not exists查询的效率远远高与not in查询的效率。!!!!!!

==============================not in==============================
not in()子查询的执行顺序是:
为了证明not in成立,即找不到,需要一条一条地查询表,符合要求才返回子查询的结果集,不符合的就继续查询下一条记录,直到把表中的记录查询完,只能查询全部记录才能证明,并没有用到索引。
                
==============================not exists==============================
not exists:
如果主查询表中记录少,子查询表中记录多,并有索引。
例如:查询那些班级中没有学生的班级
select * from class

where not exists

(select * from student where student.cid = class.cid)

not exists的执行顺序是:
在表中查询,是根据索引查询的,如果存在就返回true,如果不存在就返回false,不会每条记录都去查询。 

相关连接(笔记来自于视频课程的归类整理):
[1]: https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1QE41147hU?p=17
[2]: https://www.cnblogs.com/Dominic-Ji/p/11093137.html
[3]: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/114200361
[4]: https://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7267596.html

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