高大动Chap2—大气运动的整体性质

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高大动笔记：Chap2—大气运动的整体性质

根据《高等大气动力学》课程笔记总结，供需要的同学参考，有缺漏或错误的请联系我改正，谢谢！

超链接有系列文章的链接，每一个对应一章

一、质量守恒定律

如果不考虑污染物质及其他源和汇，大气总质量守恒。

静力平衡 $\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}=-\rho g$

$\int_{p_{s}}^{0}\frac{\partial p}{\partial z} =-\int_{p_{s}}^{0}\rho g \Rightarrow -\int_{0}^{p_{s}}{\mathrm{d}}p=-\rho g\int_{0}^{H}{\mathrm{d}}z$

可以推出 $p_{s}=\rho gH$

$\begin{aligned} M_{total}&=\iint\limits_{S}{}\int_{0}^{\infty}\rho a^2\sin\theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta{\mathrm{d}}\lambda{\mathrm{d}}z\\ &=\iint\limits_{S}{}\left[\rho {\mathrm{d}}z\right]\mid_{0}^{\infty} a^2\sin\theta{\mathrm{d}}\theta{\mathrm{d}}\lambda\\ &=g^{-1}\iint\limits_{S}P_{s}(\theta,\lambda,t) a^2\sin\theta{\mathrm{d}}\theta{\mathrm{d}}\lambda=Const \end{aligned}$

二、角动量守恒定律

1.一般质点组的角动量守恒定律

$\boldsymbol{M}=\boldsymbol{r}\times m\boldsymbol{v} \quad \boldsymbol{M}\cdot\boldsymbol{l}=M_{c}$

$\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathrm{d}\boldsymbol{M}}{\mathrm{d}t} =\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}[\boldsymbol{r}\times m\boldsymbol{v}] &=\frac{\mathrm{d}\boldsymbol{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}\times m\boldsymbol{v} +\boldsymbol{r}\times m\frac{\mathrm{d}\boldsymbol{v}}{\mathrm{d}t}\\ &=\boldsymbol{r}\times m\frac{\mathrm{d}\boldsymbol{v}}{\mathrm{d}t} =\boldsymbol{r}\times \boldsymbol{F} \end{aligned}$

对于质点组：

$\boldsymbol{M}=\sum_{i}^{} \boldsymbol M_{i}=\sum_{i}^{} \boldsymbol r_{i}\times m\boldsymbol v_{i}$

因此有外力矩

$\frac{\mathrm{d}\boldsymbol{M}}{\mathrm{d}t} =\sum_{i}^{} \boldsymbol r_{i}\times \boldsymbol F_{i}$

如果外力矩为零，则质点组角动量守恒

2.大气中的角动量守恒定律

（1）地球 $+$ 大气 $\Rightarrow$ 孤立系统

（2）忽略地球自转，可以原点在地心，不随地球的

（3）大气自身的粘性，大气与地球之间的摩擦力都是内力

（4）重力是有心力

因此地球和大气所构成孤立系统的总角动量守恒

$\boldsymbol{M}_{earth+atm}=const$

大气状态定常

因为地球角动量不变， $\boldsymbol{M}_{earth}=const$ ，而大气随地球一起自转的那部分角动量 $\boldsymbol{M}_{0}$ 也不变，因此相对于地球而运动的这部分大气的角动量

$\boldsymbol{M'}=\boldsymbol{M}_{earth+atm}-\boldsymbol{M}_{earth}-\boldsymbol{M}_{0}=const$

定常状态下 $\boldsymbol{M'}=0$

大气状态非定常

假设

自由大气、无摩擦、无地形(气压梯度力指向地心)、采用惯性坐标系 $\Rightarrow$ 无科氏力

这样，大气自身称为孤立体，绝对角动量守恒

3.带状环流的角动量原理

在薄层近似下， $r=a$

大气相对于地轴的绝对角动量

$\boldsymbol{M}_{a}=\boldsymbol{M}_{r}+\boldsymbol{M}_{i}$

其中 $M_a$ 为绝对角动量， $M_r$ 为相对角动量， $M_i$ 为牵连角动量

因此有

$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{M}_{r}&=a\sin\theta\cdot v_{\lambda}\\ \boldsymbol{M}_{i}&=a\sin\theta \varOmega\cdot a\sin\theta =a^2\varOmega\sin^2\theta \\ \boldsymbol{M}_{a}&=\boldsymbol{M}_{r}+\boldsymbol{M}_{i}=(v_{\lambda}+\varOmega a\sin\theta)\varOmega\sin\theta \end{aligned}$

$\sigma$ 坐标系下的运动方程

$\left\{\begin{array} {lr} \frac{\partial v_{\lambda}}{\partial t} +\frac{v_{\theta}}{a}\frac{\partial v_{\lambda}}{\partial\theta} +\frac{v_{\lambda}}{a\sin\theta} \frac{\partial v_{\lambda}}{\partial\lambda} +\dot{\sigma}\frac{\partial v_{\lambda}}{\partial\sigma} +\frac{v_{\lambda}v_{\theta}}{a}\cot\theta =-\frac{1}{a\sin\theta}\left[\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial\lambda}+ RT\frac{\partial \ln_{}{p_{s}}}{\partial\lambda}\right]-2\varOmega\cos\theta v_{\theta} \\ \frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial t} +\frac{1}{a\sin\theta}\left[\frac{\partial(p_{s}v_{\theta}\sin\theta)}{\partial\theta}+\frac{\partial(p_{s}v_{\lambda})}{\partial\lambda}\right]+\frac{\partial}{\partial\sigma}(p_{s}\dot{\sigma})=0 \end{array}\right.$

上面方程中，上式 $\times p_{s}+$ 下式 $\times v_{\lambda}$

$\begin{aligned} &\Rightarrow\frac{\partial (p_{s}v_{\lambda})}{\partial t} +\frac{1}{a\sin\theta} \left[\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}(p_{s}v_{\theta}v_{\lambda}\sin\theta) +\frac{\partial}{\partial\lambda}(p_{s}v_{\lambda}^2)\right] +\frac{\partial}{\partial\sigma}(p_{s}\dot{\sigma}v_{\lambda}) +p_{s}\frac{v_{\theta}v_{\lambda}}{a}\cot\theta \\ &=-\left[\frac{p_{s}}{a\sin\theta}\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial\lambda} +\frac{RT}{a\sin\theta}\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial\lambda}\right] -2\varOmega\cos\theta v_{\theta}p_{s} \end{aligned}$

对该式子进行积分

$\begin{aligned} &g^{-1}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\mathrm{d}\lambda\int_{\theta_{1}}^{\theta_{2}}\mathrm{d}\theta\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(p_{s}v_{\lambda}a\sin\theta)a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\sigma\\ =&-g^{-1}\iiint \left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}(p_{s}v_{\lambda }v_{\theta } \sin\theta )+\frac{\partial}{\partial \lambda}(p_{s}v_{\lambda }^2 ) +a\sin\theta\frac{\partial}{\partial \sigma}(p_{s}\dot\sigma v_{\lambda})\right.\\ &\left.+\frac{p_{s}v_{\lambda }v_{\theta }}{a} \cot\theta\cdot a\sin\theta\right] a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma\quad {\color{blue}\left \langle 1 \right \rangle}\\ &-g^{-1}\iiint \left[p_{s}\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \lambda}+ RT\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda}\right] a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma\quad {\color{blue}\left \langle 2 \right \rangle}\\ &-g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}(2\varOmega\cos\theta v_{\theta}\cdot a\sin\theta) a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma\quad {\color{blue}\left \langle 3 \right \rangle} \end{aligned}$

将积分式子右边分为 $\left \langle 1 \right \rangle$ 、 $\left \langle 2 \right \rangle$ 和 $\left \langle3 \right \rangle$ 三个部分

先看 $\left \langle 1 \right \rangle$ 部分，由于

$\begin{aligned} &\iiint\frac{\partial}{\partial \lambda}(p_{s}v_{\lambda }^2 )a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ =&\iint\left(p_{s}v_{\lambda }^2\mid_{\lambda=2\pi}-p_{s}v_{\lambda }^2\mid_{\lambda=0}\right)a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta=0 \end{aligned}$

又根据Chap1给出的运动学边界条件，地表和大气层顶垂直速度为0

$\begin{aligned} &\iiint a\sin\theta\frac{\partial}{\partial \sigma}(p_{s}\dot\sigma v_{\lambda})a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ =&\iint \left(p_{s}\dot\sigma v_{\lambda}\mid_{\sigma=1}-p_{s}\dot\sigma v_{\lambda}\mid_{\sigma=0}\right)a\sin\theta a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma=0 \end{aligned}$

于是有

$\begin{aligned} \left \langle 1 \right \rangle &=-g^{-1}\iiint \left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}(p_{s}v_{\lambda }v_{\theta } \sin\theta )+p_{s}v_{\lambda }v_{\theta }\cos\theta\right] a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=-g^{-1}\iiint \left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}(p_{s}v_{\lambda }v_{\theta } \sin\theta )+p_{s}v_{\lambda }v_{\theta } {\color{red}\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}(\sin\theta)}\right] a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=-g^{-1}\iiint\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} \left(p_{s}v_{\lambda }v_{\theta } \sin\theta a^2\sin\theta\right) \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=-g^{-1}\int_{0}^{2\pi} \int_{0}^{1} p_{s}v_{\lambda }v_{\theta } \sin\theta a^2\sin\theta\mid_{\theta=1}^{\theta=2}\mathrm{d}\lambda\mathrm{d}\sigma \end{aligned}$

再看 $\left \langle 2 \right \rangle$ 部分，由于Chap1中的静力学方程： $RT=-\sigma\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \sigma}$

$-p_{s}\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \lambda}- RT\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda} =\sigma\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \sigma}\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda}-\left[\frac{\partial }{\partial \lambda}\left(p_{s}\phi\right)-\phi\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda}\right]$

在带状环流积分中 $\partial \lambda$ 全微分积分为0，因此

$-p_{s}\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \lambda}- RT\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda} =\sigma\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \sigma}\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda}+\phi\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda} =\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda}\left(\phi+\sigma\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \sigma}\right)$

于是有

$\begin{aligned} \left \langle 2 \right \rangle &=g^{-1}\iiint \left[\phi+\sigma\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \sigma}\right]\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda} a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=g^{-1}\iiint \frac{\partial}{\partial \sigma}\left(\sigma\phi\right)\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda} a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=g^{-1}\iint\left(\sigma\phi\right)\mid_{\sigma=0}^{\sigma=1}\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda}a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=g^{-1}\iint \phi_{s}\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial \lambda}a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=g^{-1}\iint \left[\frac{\partial (\phi_{s}p_{s})}{\partial \lambda}-p_{s}\frac{\partial \phi_{s}}{\partial \lambda}\right] a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=-g^{-1}\iint p_{s} \frac{1}{a\sin\theta} \frac{\partial (g_{s}z_{s})}{\partial \lambda}a\sin\theta \cdot a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\theta \end{aligned}$

再看 $\left \langle 3 \right \rangle$ 部分，由于 $2\sin\theta\cos\theta=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\theta}(\sin^2\theta)$

于是有

$\begin{aligned} \left \langle 3 \right \rangle&=-g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}(2\varOmega\cos\theta v_{\theta}\cdot a\sin\theta) a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=-g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}v_{\theta}a\sin\theta\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}(\varOmega a^2\sin^2\theta)\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=-g^{-1}\iiint\left\{\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}\left[(p_{s}v_{\theta}a\sin\theta)(\varOmega a^2\sin^2\theta)\right]\right.\\ &\left.-(\varOmega a^2\sin^2\theta)\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}(p_{s}v_{\theta}a\sin\theta)\right\}\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=-g^{-1}\iint p_{s}v_{\theta}(\varOmega a^2\sin^2\theta)a\sin\theta\mid_{\theta_{1}}^{\theta_{2}}\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma \quad{\color{blue}\left \langle 3.A \right \rangle}\\ &+g^{-1}\iiint \varOmega a^2\sin^2\theta\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}(p_{s}v_{\theta}a\sin\theta)\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma \quad{\color{blue}\left \langle 3.B \right \rangle}\\ \end{aligned}$

$\left \langle 3.A \right \rangle$ 部分已经计算出，现在看 $\left \langle 3.B \right \rangle$ 部分，因为有 $p_{s}$ 的全导数

$\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial (p_{s}\dot\sigma)}{\partial \sigma}+\frac{1}{a\sin\theta}\left[\frac{\partial (p_{s}v_{\theta}\sin\theta)}{\partial \theta}+\frac{\partial}{\partial \lambda}(p_{s}v_{\lambda})\right]=0$

所以计算 $\left \langle 3.B \right \rangle$ 部分

$\begin{aligned} \left \langle 3.B \right \rangle&=g^{-1}\iiint \varOmega a^2\sin^2\theta\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}(p_{s}v_{\theta}a\sin\theta)\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=-g^{-1}\iiint \varOmega a^3\sin^2\theta \left[a\sin\theta\left(\frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial (p_{s}\dot\sigma)}{\partial \sigma}+\frac{\partial (p_{s}v_{\lambda})}{\partial \lambda}\right)\right] \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma \end{aligned}$

后两项 $\frac{\partial}{\partial \sigma}$ 和 $\frac{\partial}{\partial \lambda}$ 在带状环流积分中为0，因此

$\begin{aligned} \left \langle 3.B \right \rangle&=-g^{-1}\iiint \frac{\partial p_{s}}{\partial t} \varOmega a^3\sin^2\theta a\sin\theta \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=-\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left[g^{-1}\iiint p_{s} \varOmega a^3\sin^2\theta a\sin\theta \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma\right] \end{aligned}$

由于绝对、相对和牵连角动量的关系，积分之即有

$g^{-1}\iiint p_{s} (v_{\lambda}a\sin\theta+\varOmega a^2\sin^2\theta) a^2\sin\theta \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma=const$

若全球范围(则 $\left \langle 1 \right \rangle =0$ 、 $\left \langle 3.A \right \rangle =0$ )且无地形起伏( $\left \langle 2 \right \rangle =0$ )

最后可以得到结论：全球范围，无地形起伏，则大气绝对角动量守恒

三、能量守恒

动能

$E_{k}=g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}\frac{v_{\theta}^2+v_{\lambda}^2}{2}a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma$

位能(势能)

$E_{\phi}=g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}\phi a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma$

内能

$E_{T}=g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}C_{v}Ta^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma$

在此基础上，定义焓

$E_{e}=g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}C_{p}Ta^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma$

根据静力平衡方程

$\begin{aligned} RT&=-\sigma\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \sigma}=-\left[\frac{\partial(\sigma\phi)}{\partial \sigma}-\phi\right]\\ \phi&=RT+\frac{\partial(\sigma\phi)}{\partial \sigma} \end{aligned}$

因此位能

$\begin{aligned} E_{\phi}&=g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}\phi a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}\left[RT+\frac{\partial(\sigma\phi)}{\partial \sigma}\right] a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}RT a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma +g^{-1}\iiint p_{s}\frac{\partial(\sigma\phi)}{\partial \sigma} a^2\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\sigma\\ &=E_{r}+E_{s} \end{aligned}$