Lab5 JPEG原理分析及JPEG解码器的调试——C++代码实现
一、JPEG编解码原理
JPEG是一种针对数字图像的有损压缩标准方法，由于JPEG编码算法可以在提供较大的压缩比的同时，保持较好的显示质量，所以该算法逐渐成为最为熟知和广泛使用的数字图像格式和通用标准。
JPEG编码器的系统原理框图如下：
其中各环节的作用分别是：
- 零偏置：对于灰度级为2n 的像素，通过减去2(n-1)，将无符号整数变为有符号数，以将绝对值大的数出现的概率大大减小，提高编码效率。
- 8*8DCT变换：对每个单独的彩色图像分量，把整个分量图像分成8*8的图像块，作为二维离散余弦变换DCT的输入，并进行DCT变换。以实现能量集中和去相关，便于去除空间冗余，提高编码效率。（若图像的宽或高不是8的整数倍的图像，使用图像边缘像素填充，以不改变频谱分布。）DCT是一种无损变换，也无法对图像进行压缩，这样做的目的是在为下一步的量化做准备。
- 量化：量化是编码流程中唯一会引入误差也是唯一会带来压缩效果的步骤。 由于人眼对亮度信号比对色差信号更敏感，因此JPEG使用了两种量化表：亮度量化值和色差量化值。根据人眼对低频敏感，对高频不太敏感的视觉特性，对低频部分采取较细的量化，对高频部分采取较粗的量化，减少了视觉冗余。量化矩阵并不是固定的，可以根据要求的质量的不同而进行调整。但经过量化，子块中的大多数高频区域的系数的量化结果都为0。
- DC系数差分编码：经过8*8DCT变换后，DC直流系数的数值都比较大，且相邻图像块之间的DC系数变化不大（容易造成冗余），因此JPEG算法使用了差分脉冲调制编码DPCM技术对相邻图像块之间的量化DC系数的差值DIFF进行编码。
- AC系数Z字扫描及游程编码：经过DCT变换后，AC系数大多集中在左上角的低频分量区，因此采用Z字形按频率的高低顺序读出可以出现很多连零的情况，便于使用游程编码，若最后的数据均为０，则直接给出EOB。
- Huffman编码：对DC系数DPCM的结果和AC系数RLE的结果进行Huffman编码，类别ID采用一元码编码，类内索引采用定长码编码。共有亮度DC、亮度AC、色差DC、色差AC四张码表。
JPEG解码完全是编码的逆过程，因此只给出解码系统框图：
二、JPEG格式解析（简述）
JPEG文件以segment的形式组织，其中每个segment以一个marker开始，而每个marker均以0xFF开始，后跟１字节的marker标识符和2字节的marker长度（不包含marker的起始两字节）以及对应的payload（SOI和EOI marker只有2字节的标识符）。连续的0xFF字节并不是marker的起始标志，而是用来填充的特殊字符。0xFF后若为0x00，则跳过此字节不予处理。
常见的marker如图：
本次实验的测试图像test.jpg图像如下：
接下来以该图片为例，对JPEG格式进行简单分析。（使用FlexHEX二进制转换工具）
- 图像开始SOI标记（0xFFD8）和图像结束EOI标记（0xFFD9）
- APP0 segment（0xFFE0）
APP0块的长度：16字节（不含0xFFE0）
“JFIF”＋“０”：共５字节。
Major version和Minor version：各１字节。
X和Y方向密度单位：１字节，此例为０，表示无单位。
水平方向和垂直方向像素密度：各２字节，此例值为１。
缩略图水平和垂直像素数目：各１字节。 - 量化表DQT（0xFFDB）——亮度、色度各一张
两张量化表长度：67字节（不含0xFFDB）。
量化表信息：１字节。低四位表示QT号，只能取０～３；高四位表示QT精度，０为８比特，否则为１６比特。此例为８比特。
实际数据：共64字节。 - 帧图像开始SOF０（0xFFC0）
SOF长度：１７字节（不含0xFFC0）。
精度：１字节，每个颜色分量每个像素的位数。
图像高度：２字节，此例为1024。
图像宽度：２字节，此例为1024。
颜色分量数：１字节，此例为３。
对３个颜色分量：
颜色索引ID－１字节（01、02、03）
Sample factor－１字节（高四位水平因子，低四位垂直因子）
量化表号－１字节 - Huffman表（0xFFC4）——共四张
Huffman表长度：分别是29、62、30、47。
表ID和表类型：0x00－DC 0号表，0x01－DC1号表，0x10－AC 0号表，0x11－AC1号表。
不同位数的码字数量（位表）：以DC 0号表为例，表示没有1位的Huffman码字，2位的Huffman码字有3个，3~9位的Huffman码字均有1个，没有10位及以上的Huffman码字。
编码内容（值表）：以DC 0号表为例，此表该字段有10项。这段数据表示10个叶子结点按从小到大排列，其权值（Huffval）依次为04、 05、 06、 03、 02、 01、 00、09、 07、 08 （16进制）。 - SOS（0xFFDA）
SOS长度：１２字节。
颜色分量数：１字节，与SOF０相关字节一致。
颜色分量信息：每个分量１字节，高四位表示DC、低四位表示AC，两个字段分别表示两个分量使用的Huffman表号。
三、JPEG相关代码调试
1、三个结构体
struct huffman_table：用于存储Huffman码表
struct huffman_table
{
/* Fast look up table, using HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS bits we can have directly the symbol,
* if the symbol is <0, then we need to look into the tree table */
short int lookup[HUFFMAN_HASH_SIZE];
/* code size: give the number of bits of a symbol is encoded */
unsigned char code_size[HUFFMAN_HASH_SIZE];
/* some place to store value that is not encoded in the lookup table
* FIXME: Calculate if 256 value is enough to store all values
*/
uint16_t slowtable[16-HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS][256];
};
struct component ：用于存储当前8*8像块中关于解码的信息
struct component
{
unsigned int Hfactor;
unsigned int Vfactor;
float *Q_table; /* Pointer to the quantisation table to use */
struct huffman_table *AC_table;
struct huffman_table *DC_table;
short int previous_DC; /* Previous DC coefficient */
short int DCT[64]; /* DCT coef */
#if SANITY_CHECK
unsigned int cid;
#endif
};
struct jdec_private：用于存储JPEG图像宽高、数据流所用指针、码表等信息
struct jdec_private
{
/* Public variables */
uint8_t *components[COMPONENTS];
unsigned int width, height; /* Size of the image */
unsigned int flags;
/* Private variables */
const unsigned char *stream_begin, *stream_end;
unsigned int stream_length;
const unsigned char *stream; /* Pointer to the current stream */
unsigned int reservoir, nbits_in_reservoir;
struct component component_infos[COMPONENTS];
float Q_tables[COMPONENTS][64]; /* quantization tables */
struct huffman_table HTDC[HUFFMAN_TABLES]; /* DC huffman tables */
struct huffman_table HTAC[HUFFMAN_TABLES]; /* AC huffman tables */
int default_huffman_table_initialized;
int restart_interval;
int restarts_to_go; /* MCUs left in this restart interval */
int last_rst_marker_seen; /* Rst marker is incremented each time */
/* Temp space used after the IDCT to store each components */
uint8_t Y[64*4], Cr[64], Cb[64];
jmp_buf jump_state;
/* Internal Pointer use for colorspace conversion, do not modify it !!! */
uint8_t *plane[COMPONENTS];
};
2、解码流程分析
int convert_one_image(const char *infilename, const char *outfilename, int output_format) //读取JPEG文件，开始解码，存储结果
{
FILE *fp;
unsigned int length_of_file; ／／文件大小
unsigned int width, height; ／／图像宽高
unsigned char *buf;
struct jdec_private *jdec;
unsigned char *components[3];
/* Load the Jpeg into memory 将JPEG文件读入缓冲区*/
fp = fopen(infilename, "rb");
if (fp == NULL)
exitmessage("Cannot open filename\n");
length_of_file = filesize(fp);
buf = (unsigned char *)malloc(length_of_file + 4);
if (buf == NULL)
exitmessage("Not enough memory for loading file\n");
fread(buf, length_of_file, 1, fp);
fclose(fp);
/* Decompress it */
jdec = tinyjpeg_init(); ／／初始化
if (jdec == NULL)
exitmessage("Not enough memory to alloc the structure need for decompressing\n");
if (tinyjpeg_parse_header(jdec, buf, length_of_file)<0) ／／解析JEPG文件头信息
exitmessage(tinyjpeg_get_errorstring(jdec));
/* Get the size of the image 获得图像宽高信息*/
tinyjpeg_get_size(jdec, &width, &height);
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Decoding JPEG image...\n");
if (tinyjpeg_decode(jdec, output_format) < 0) ／／解码实际数据
exitmessage(tinyjpeg_get_errorstring(jdec));
/*
* Get address for each plane (not only max 3 planes is supported), and
* depending of the output mode, only some components will be filled
* RGB: 1 plane, YUV420P: 3 planes, GREY: 1 plane
*/
tinyjpeg_get_components(jdec, components);
/* Save it 根据所需格式保存输出文件*/
switch (output_format)
{
case TINYJPEG_FMT_RGB24:
case TINYJPEG_FMT_BGR24:
write_tga(outfilename, output_format, width, height, components);
break;
case TINYJPEG_FMT_YUV420P:
write_yuv(outfilename, width, height, components);
break;
case TINYJPEG_FMT_GREY:
write_pgm(outfilename, width, height, components);
break;
}
/* Only called this if the buffers were allocated by tinyjpeg_decode() */
tinyjpeg_free(jdec);
/* else called just free(jdec); */
free(buf);
return 0;
}
上述代码中部分关键函数如下：
- JPEG文件头解析——“tinyjpeg_parse_header”
int tinyjpeg_parse_header(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *buf, unsigned int size)
{
int ret;
/* Identify the file */
if ((buf[0] != 0xFF) || (buf[1] != SOI))
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Not a JPG file ?\n");
//JPEG文件规定以SOI marker为起始
priv->stream_begin = buf+2; //跳过2字节的标识符
priv->stream_length = size-2;
priv->stream_end = priv->stream_begin + priv->stream_length;
ret = parse_JFIF(priv, priv->stream_begin); // 开始解析
return ret;
}
- 解析marker标识——“parse_JFIF”
static int parse_JFIF(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
int chuck_len;
int marker;
int sos_marker_found = 0;
int dht_marker_found = 0;
const unsigned char *next_chunck;
/* Parse marker */
while (!sos_marker_found)
{
if (*stream++ != 0xff)
goto bogus_jpeg_format;
/* Skip any padding ff byte (this is normal) */
while (*stream == 0xff)
stream++;
marker = *stream++; //获取0xFF后的1字节标识符
chuck_len = be16_to_cpu(stream); // 长度
next_chunck = stream + chuck_len;
switch (marker) //判断标记类型
{
case SOF:
if (parse_SOF(priv, stream) < 0)
return -1;
break;
case DQT:
if (parse_DQT(priv, stream) < 0)
return -1;
break;
case SOS:
if (parse_SOS(priv, stream) < 0)
return -1;
sos_marker_found = 1;
break;
case DHT:
if (parse_DHT(priv, stream) < 0)
return -1;
dht_marker_found = 1;
break;
case DRI:
if (parse_DRI(priv, stream) < 0)
return -1;
break;
default:
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"> Unknown marker %2.2x\n", marker);
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
break;
}
stream = next_chunck; //解析下一个标识
}
if (!dht_marker_found) {
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"No Huffman table loaded, using the default one\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
build_default_huffman_tables(priv);
}
#ifdef SANITY_CHECK
if ( (priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor < priv->component_infos[cCb].Hfactor)
|| (priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor < priv->component_infos[cCr].Hfactor))
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Horizontal sampling factor for Y should be greater than horitontal sampling factor for Cb or Cr\n");
if ( (priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor < priv->component_infos[cCb].Vfactor)
|| (priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor < priv->component_infos[cCr].Vfactor))
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Vertical sampling factor for Y should be greater than vertical sampling factor for Cb or Cr\n");
if ( (priv->component_infos[cCb].Hfactor!=1)
|| (priv->component_infos[cCr].Hfactor!=1)
|| (priv->component_infos[cCb].Vfactor!=1)
|| (priv->component_infos[cCr].Vfactor!=1))
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Sampling other than 1x1 for Cr and Cb is not supported");
#endif
return 0;
bogus_jpeg_format:
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"Bogus jpeg format\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
return -1;
}
- 解析量化表——“parse_DQT”
static int parse_DQT(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
int qi; //量化表id
float *table;
const unsigned char *dqt_block_end;
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"> DQT marker\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
dqt_block_end = stream + be16_to_cpu(stream);
stream += 2; /* Skip length 跳过长度字段*/
while (stream < dqt_block_end)
{
qi = *stream++; // 将系数赋给qi
#if SANITY_CHECK
if (qi>>4)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"16 bits quantization table is not supported\n");
if (qi>4)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"No more 4 quantization table is supported (got %d)\n", qi);
#endif
table = priv->Q_tables[qi];
build_quantization_table(table, stream);
stream += 64;
}
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"< DQT marker\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
return 0;
}
- 建立量化表——“build_quantization_table”
static void build_quantization_table(float *qtable, const unsigned char *ref_table)
{
/* Taken from libjpeg. Copyright Independent JPEG Group's LLM idct.
* For float AA&N IDCT method, divisors are equal to quantization
* coefficients scaled by scalefactor[row]*scalefactor[col], where
* scalefactor[0] = 1
* scalefactor[k] = cos(k*PI/16) * sqrt(2) for k=1..7
* We apply a further scale factor of 8.
* What's actually stored is 1/divisor so that the inner loop can
* use a multiplication rather than a division.
*/
int i, j;
static const double aanscalefactor[8] = {
1.0, 1.387039845, 1.306562965, 1.175875602,
1.0, 0.785694958, 0.541196100, 0.275899379
};
const unsigned char *zz = zigzag; //Z字形扫描
for (i=0; i<8; i++) {
for (j=0; j<8; j++) {
*qtable++ = ref_table[*zz++] * aanscalefactor[i] * aanscalefactor[j];
}
}
}
- 解析Huffman码表——“parse_DHT”
static int parse_DHT(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
unsigned int count, i;
unsigned char huff_bits[17]; //码长１～１６
int length, index;
length = be16_to_cpu(stream) - 2;
stream += 2; /* Skip length 跳过长度字段*/
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"> DHT marker (length=%d)\n", length);
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
while (length>0) { //判断是否还有码表
index = *stream++;
/* We need to calculate the number of bytes 'vals' will takes */
huff_bits[0] = 0;
count = 0;
for (i=1; i<17; i++) {
huff_bits[i] = *stream++;
count += huff_bits[i];
}
#if SANITY_CHECK
if (count >= HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"No more than %d bytes is allowed to describe a huffman table", HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE);
if ( (index &0xf) >= HUFFMAN_TABLES)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"No more than %d Huffman tables is supported (got %d)\n", HUFFMAN_TABLES, index&0xf);
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"Huffman table %s[%d] length=%d\n", (index&0xf0)?"AC":"DC", index&0xf, count);
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
#endif
if (index & 0xf0 )
build_huffman_table(huff_bits, stream, &priv->HTAC[index&0xf]);
else
build_huffman_table(huff_bits, stream, &priv->HTDC[index&0xf]);
length -= 1;
length -= 16;
length -= count;
stream += count;
}
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"< DHT marker\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
return 0;
}
- 建立Huffman码表——“build_huffman_table”
static void build_huffman_table(const unsigned char *bits, const unsigned char *vals, struct huffman_table *table)
{
unsigned int i, j, code, code_size, val, nbits;
unsigned char huffsize[HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE+1], *hz; //码字长度
unsigned int huffcode[HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE+1], *hc; //码字
int next_free_entry;
/*
* Build a temp array
* huffsize[X] => numbers of bits to write vals[X]
*/
hz = huffsize; //初始化
for (i=1; i<=16; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=bits[i]; j++)
*hz++ = i;
}
*hz = 0;
memset(table->lookup, 0xff, sizeof(table->lookup));
for (i=0; i<(16-HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS); i++)
table->slowtable[i][0] = 0;
/* Build a temp array
* huffcode[X] => code used to write vals[X]
*/
code = 0;
hc = huffcode;
hz = huffsize;
nbits = *hz;
while (*hz)
{
while (*hz == nbits)
{
*hc++ = code++;
hz++;
}
code <<= 1;
nbits++;
}
/*
* Build the lookup table, and the slowtable if needed.
*/
next_free_entry = -1;
for (i=0; huffsize[i]; i++)
{
val = vals[i];
code = huffcode[i];
code_size = huffsize[i];
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"val=%2.2x code=%8.8x codesize=%2.2d\n", val, code, code_size);
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
table->code_size[val] = code_size;
if (code_size <= HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS)
{
/*
* Good: val can be put in the lookup table, so fill all value of this
* column with value val
*/
int repeat = 1UL<<(HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS - code_size);
code <<= HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS - code_size;
while ( repeat-- )
table->lookup[code++] = val;
}
else
{
/* Perhaps sorting the array will be an optimization */
uint16_t *slowtable = table->slowtable[code_size-HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS-1];
while(slowtable[0])
slowtable+=2;
slowtable[0] = code;
slowtable[1] = val;
slowtable[2] = 0;
/* TODO: NEED TO CHECK FOR AN OVERFLOW OF THE TABLE */
}
}
}
- 解析SOS——“parse_SOS”
static int parse_SOS(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
unsigned int i, cid, table;
unsigned int nr_components = stream[2]; //颜色分量数
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"> SOS marker\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
#if SANITY_CHECK
if (nr_components != 3)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We only support YCbCr image\n");
#endif
stream += 3; //解析使用的Huffman码表号
for (i=0;i<nr_components;i++) {
cid = *stream++;
table = *stream++;
#if SANITY_CHECK
if ((table&0xf)>=4)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We do not support more than 2 AC Huffman table\n");
if ((table>>4)>=4)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We do not support more than 2 DC Huffman table\n");
if (cid != priv->component_infos[i].cid)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"SOS cid order (%d:%d) isn't compatible with the SOF marker (%d:%d)\n",
i, cid, i, priv->component_infos[i].cid);
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"ComponentId:%d tableAC:%d tableDC:%d\n", cid, table&0xf, table>>4);
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
#endif
priv->component_infos[i].AC_table = &priv->HTAC[table&0xf];
priv->component_infos[i].DC_table = &priv->HTDC[table>>4];
}
priv->stream = stream+3;
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"< SOS marker\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
return 0;
}
- 解析SOF——“parse_SOF”
static int parse_SOF(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
int i, width, height, nr_components, cid, sampling_factor;
int Q_table;
struct component *c;
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"> SOF marker\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
print_SOF(stream);
height = be16_to_cpu(stream+3); //图像高度
width = be16_to_cpu(stream+5); /图像宽度/
nr_components = stream[7]; //颜色分量数
#if SANITY_CHECK
if (stream[2] != 8)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Precision other than 8 is not supported\n");
if (width>JPEG_MAX_WIDTH || height>JPEG_MAX_HEIGHT)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Width and Height (%dx%d) seems suspicious\n", width, height);
if (nr_components != 3)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We only support YUV images\n");
if (height%16)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Height need to be a multiple of 16 (current height is %d)\n", height);
if (width%16)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Width need to be a multiple of 16 (current Width is %d)\n", width);
#endif
stream += 8; //依次解析各分量
for (i=0; i<nr_components; i++) {
cid = *stream++; //获得分量id
sampling_factor = *stream++; //采样因子
Q_table = *stream++;
c = &priv->component_infos[i];
#if SANITY_CHECK
c->cid = cid;
if (Q_table >= COMPONENTS)
snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Bad Quantization table index (got %d, max allowed %d)\n", Q_table, COMPONENTS-1);
#endif
c->Vfactor = sampling_factor&0xf; //垂直
c->Hfactor = sampling_factor>>4; //水平
c->Q_table = priv->Q_tables[Q_table]; //量化表
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"Component:%d factor:%dx%d Quantization table:%d\n",
cid, c->Hfactor, c->Hfactor, Q_table );
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
}
priv->width = width;
priv->height = height;
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"< SOF marker\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
return 0;
}
- 解析实际图像数据——“tinyjpeg_decode”
int tinyjpeg_decode(struct jdec_private *priv, int pixfmt)
{
unsigned int x, y, xstride_by_mcu, ystride_by_mcu;
unsigned int bytes_per_blocklines[3], bytes_per_mcu[3];
decode_MCU_fct decode_MCU;
const decode_MCU_fct *decode_mcu_table;
const convert_colorspace_fct *colorspace_array_conv;
convert_colorspace_fct convert_to_pixfmt;
if (setjmp(priv->jump_state))
return -1;
/* To keep gcc happy initialize some array */
bytes_per_mcu[1] = 0;
bytes_per_mcu[2] = 0;
bytes_per_blocklines[1] = 0;
bytes_per_blocklines[2] = 0;
decode_mcu_table = decode_mcu_3comp_table;
//根据输出格式计算MCU
switch (pixfmt) {
case TINYJPEG_FMT_YUV420P:
colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_yuv420p;
if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height);
if (priv->components[1] == NULL)
priv->components[1] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height/4);
if (priv->components[2] == NULL)
priv->components[2] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height/4);
bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width;
bytes_per_blocklines[1] = priv->width/4;
bytes_per_blocklines[2] = priv->width/4;
bytes_per_mcu[0] = 8;
bytes_per_mcu[1] = 4;
bytes_per_mcu[2] = 4;
break;
case TINYJPEG_FMT_RGB24:
colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_rgb24;
if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height * 3);
bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width * 3;
bytes_per_mcu[0] = 3*8;
break;
case TINYJPEG_FMT_BGR24:
colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_bgr24;
if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height * 3);
bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width * 3;
bytes_per_mcu[0] = 3*8;
break;
case TINYJPEG_FMT_GREY:
decode_mcu_table = decode_mcu_1comp_table;
colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_grey;
if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height);
bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width;
bytes_per_mcu[0] = 8;
break;
default:
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"Bad pixel format\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
return -1;
}
xstride_by_mcu = ystride_by_mcu = 8; //初始化-MCU的宽和高都为8
if ((priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor | priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor) == 1) {
decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[0];
convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[0]; //水平和垂直采样因子均为1，则MCU含有1个Y
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 1x1 sampling\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
} else if (priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor == 1) {
decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[1];
convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[1];
ystride_by_mcu = 16; //水平采样因子为1，垂直采样因子为2，则MCU含有２个Y－高１６ｐｘ，宽８ｐｘ
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 1x2 sampling (not supported)\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
} else if (priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor == 2) {
decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[3];
convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[3];
xstride_by_mcu = 16;
ystride_by_mcu = 16; //水平和垂直采样因子均为２，则MCU含有４个Y－高１６ｐｘ，宽１６ｐｘ
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 2x2 sampling\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
} else {
decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[2];
convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[2];
xstride_by_mcu = 16; //水平采样因子为２，垂直采样因子为１，则MCU含有２个Y－高８ｐｘ，宽１６ｐｘ
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 2x1 sampling\n");
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
}
resync(priv);
/* Don't forget to that block can be either 8 or 16 lines */
bytes_per_blocklines[0] *= ystride_by_mcu;
bytes_per_blocklines[1] *= ystride_by_mcu;
bytes_per_blocklines[2] *= ystride_by_mcu;
bytes_per_mcu[0] *= xstride_by_mcu/8;
bytes_per_mcu[1] *= xstride_by_mcu/8;
bytes_per_mcu[2] *= xstride_by_mcu/8;
/* Just the decode the image by macroblock (size is 8x8, 8x16, or 16x16) */
for (y=0; y < priv->height/ystride_by_mcu; y++)
{
//trace("Decoding row %d\n", y);
priv->plane[0] = priv->components[0] + (y * bytes_per_blocklines[0]);
priv->plane[1] = priv->components[1] + (y * bytes_per_blocklines[1]);
priv->plane[2] = priv->components[2] + (y * bytes_per_blocklines[2]);
for (x=0; x < priv->width; x+=xstride_by_mcu)
{
decode_MCU(priv);
convert_to_pixfmt(priv);
priv->plane[0] += bytes_per_mcu[0];
priv->plane[1] += bytes_per_mcu[1];
priv->plane[2] += bytes_per_mcu[2];
if (priv->restarts_to_go>0)
{
priv->restarts_to_go--;
if (priv->restarts_to_go == 0)
{
priv->stream -= (priv->nbits_in_reservoir/8);
resync(priv);
if (find_next_rst_marker(priv) < 0)
return -1;
}
}
}
}
#if TRACE
fprintf(p_trace,"Input file size: %d\n", priv->stream_length+2);
fprintf(p_trace,"Input bytes actually read: %d\n", priv->stream - priv->stream_begin + 2);
fflush(p_trace);
#endif
return 0;
}
四、实验结果输出
原始程序的输出结果为output.U、output.V、output.Y和trace_jpeg.txt，其中trace_jpeg.txt已经包含了所有的HUFFMAN码表（如下图所示部分码表）。
实验要求：修改代码，获得以下输出结果：
- 将输入的JPG文件进行解码，将输出文件保存为可供YUVViewer观看的YUV文件。
- 以txt文件输出所有的量化矩阵。
１、输出test.jpg对应的YUV文件
static void write_yuv(const char *filename, int width, int height, unsigned char **components)
{
FILE *F;
char temp[1024];
snprintf(temp, 1024, "%s.Y", filename);
F = fopen(temp, "wb");
fwrite(components[0], width, height, F);
fclose(F);
snprintf(temp, 1024, "%s.U", filename);
F = fopen(temp, "wb");
fwrite(components[1], width*height/4, 1, F);
fclose(F);
snprintf(temp, 1024, "%s.V", filename);
F = fopen(temp, "wb");
fwrite(components[2], width*height/4, 1, F);
//以下为修改内容
snprintf(temp, 1024, "%s.YUV", filename);
F = fopen(temp, "wb");
fwrite(components[0], width, height, F);
fwrite(components[1], width*height/4, 1, F);
fwrite(components[2], width*height/4, 1, F);
fclose(F);
}
使用YUVviewerPlus打开得到的output.YUV，结果如图：
2、输出含有所有的量化矩阵的TXT文件
static void build_quantization_table(float *qtable, const unsigned char *ref_table)
{
/* Taken from libjpeg. Copyright Independent JPEG Group's LLM idct.
* For float AA&N IDCT method, divisors are equal to quantization
* coefficients scaled by scalefactor[row]*scalefactor[col], where
* scalefactor[0] = 1
* scalefactor[k] = cos(k*PI/16) * sqrt(2) for k=1..7
* We apply a further scale factor of 8.
* What's actually stored is 1/divisor so that the inner loop can
* use a multiplication rather than a division.
*/
int i, j;
static const double aanscalefactor[8] = {
1.0, 1.387039845, 1.306562965, 1.175875602,
1.0, 0.785694958, 0.541196100, 0.275899379
};
const unsigned char *zz = zigzag;
for (i=0; i<8; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<8; j++)
{
*qtable++ = ref_table[*zz++] * aanscalefactor[i] * aanscalefactor[j];
//以下为修改内容
#if TRACE
*zz--;
fprintf(p_trace,"%-6d",ref_table[*zz++]);
if (j == 7)
{
fprintf(p_trace, "\n");
}
#endif
}
}
}
得到的量化表如下：
参考大佬博客
JPEG编解码原理及C++调试
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