车辆工程_外文翻译

汽车形式的选择

不同形式的汽车，主要体现在轴数、驱动形式以及布置形式上有区别。

一、轴数

汽车可以有两轴、三轴、四轴甚至更多的轴数。影响选取轴数的因素主要有汽车的总质量、道路法规对轴载质量的限制和轮胎的负荷能力。

公路标准规定，对于四级公路及桥梁，单轴最大允许轴载质量为10t，双连轴最大允许轴载质量为18t(每轴9t)。根据公路对汽车轴载质量的限制、所设计汽车的总质量、轮胎的负荷能力以及使用条件等，可以确定汽车的轴数。因为双轴汽车结构简单、制造成本低，故总质量小于19t的公路运输车辆广泛采用这种方案。总质量在19～26t的公路运输车采用三轴形式，总质量更大的汽车用四轴和四轴以上的形式。

因为轿车总质量较小，均采用两轴形式。不在公路上行驶的汽车，轴荷不受道路桥梁限制，如矿用自卸车等多数采用两轴形式。

二、驱动形式

汽车驱动形式有4×2、4×4、6×2、6×4、6×6、8×4、8×8等，其中前一位数字表示汽车车轮总数，后一位数字表示驱动轮数。采用4×2驱动形式的汽车结构简单、制造成本低，多用于轿车和总质量小些的公路用车辆上。总质量在19～26t的公路用汽车，采用6×2或6×4的驱动形式。为了提高越野汽车的通过性，应采用全轮驱动形式。

三、布置形式

汽车的布置形式是指发动机、驱动桥和车身(或驾驶室)的相互关系和布置特点而言。汽车的使用性能除取决于整车和各总成的有关参数以外，汽车的布置形式对使用性能也有重要影响。

1．轿车的布置形式

轿车的布置形式主要有发动机前置前轮驱动、发动机前置后轮驱动、发动机后置后轮驱动三种，见图1-3，少数轿车采用发动机前置全轮驱动。

 (1)发动机前置前轮驱动　发动机前置前驱动时，可以纵置或者前置，也可以布置在轴距外、轴距内或前桥上方。这种布置形式目前在中级及其以下级别轿车上得到广泛应用，主要是因为有下述优点：

与后轮驱动汽车比较，前轮驱动汽车的前桥轴荷大，有明显的不足转向性能；因为前轮是驱动轮，所以越过障碍的能力高；主减速器与变速器装在一个壳体内，因而动力总成结构紧凑；因为没有传动轴，车内地板凸包高度可以降低(此时地板凸包仅用来容纳排气管)，有利于提高乘坐舒适性；当发动机布置在轴距外时，汽车的轴距可以缩短，因而有利于提高汽车的机动性；汽车散热器布置在汽车前部，散热条件好，发动机得到足够的冷却；行李箱布置在汽车后部，故有足够大的行李箱空间；容易改装为客货两用车或救护车；供暖机构简单，且因管路短所以供暖效率高；因为发动机、离合器、变速器与驾驶员位置近，所以操纵机构简单；发动机可以来用纵置或横置方案，特别是采用横置发动机时，能缩短汽车的总长，加上取消了传动轴等因素的影响，汽车消耗的材料明显减少，使整各质量减轻；发动机横置时，原主减速器的锥齿轮用圆柱齿轮取代，降低了制造难度，同时在装配和使用时也不必进行齿轮调整工作，此时变速器和主减速器可以使用同一种润滑油。

发动机前置前轮驱动轿车的主要缺点是：

前轮驱动并转向需要采用等速万向节，其结构和制造工艺均复杂；前桥负荷较后轴重，并且前轮又是转向轮，故前轮工作条件恶劣，轮胎寿命短；上坡行驶时因驱动轮上附着力减少，汽车爬坡能力降低；一旦发生正面碰撞事故，发动机及其附件损失较大，维修费用高。

(2) 发动机前置后轮驱动  发动机前置后轮驱动轿车有如下主要优点：轴荷分配合理，因而有利于提高轮胎的使用寿命；前轮不驱动，因而不需要采用等速万向节，并有利于减少制造成本；操纵机构简单；采暖机构简单，且管路短供暖效率高；发动机冷却条件好；上坡行驶时，因驱动轮上的附着力增大，故爬坡能力强；改装为客货两用车或救护车比较容易；有足够大的行李箱空间；因变速器与主减速器分开，故拆装、维修容易。

发动机前置后轮驱动轿车的主要缺点是：因为车身地板下有传动轴，地板上有凸起的通道，并使后排座椅中部座垫的厚度减薄，影响了乘坐舒适性；汽车正面与其它物体发生碰撞，易导致发动机进入客厢，会使前排乘员受到严重伤害；汽车的总长较长，整车整备质量增大，同时影响到汽车的燃油经济性和动力性。

发动机前置后轮驱动轿车因客厢较长，乘坐空间宽敞，行驶平稳，故在中高级和高级轿车上得到应用。

(3)发动机后置后轮驱动  对于发动机后置后轮驱动轿车，除去动力总成，包括发动机、离合器、变速器和主减速器布置成一体，使结构紧凑以外，还有下述优点：因为发动机后置，汽车前部高度有条件降低，改善了驾驶员视野；整车整备质量小；没有传动轴，而且排气管不必从前部向后延伸，故客厢内地板比较平整，只需用较低的凸包高度来容纳操纵机构的杆件和加强地板刚度，这就改善了后排座椅中间座位乘员的出入条件；乘客座椅能够布置在舒适区内；在坡道上行驶时，由于驱动轮上附着力增加，爬坡能力提高；发动机布置在轴距外时，汽车轴距短，机动性能好。

发动机后置后轮驱动轿车的主要缺点是：后桥负荷重，使汽车具有过多转向的倾向；前轮附着力小，高速行驶时转向不稳定，影响操纵稳定性；行李箱在前部，受转向轮转向占据一定空间和改善驾驶员视野影响，行李箱空间不够大；因动力总成在后部，距驾驶员较远，所以操纵机构复杂；受发动机高度影响，改装为客货两用车或救护车困难。

因上述缺点，发动机后置后轮驱动轿车几乎已不采用。

2．货车布置形式

按驾驶室与发动机相对位置的不同，货车有长头式、短头式、平头式和偏置式。长头式的特点是发动机位于驾驶室前部，当发动机有少部分位于驾驶室内时称为短头式，发动机位于驾驶室内时称为平头式，驾驶室偏置在发动机旁的货车称为偏置式。

布置形式为平头式的货车，其主要优点如下：

汽车总长和轴距尺寸短，最小转弯直径小，机动性能良好；不需要发动机罩和翼子板，加上总长缩短等因素的影响，汽车整备质量减小；驾驶员的视野得到明显改善；采用翻转式驾驶室时能改善发动机及其附件的接近性；汽车面积利用率高。

平头式货车的主要缺点有：前轴负荷大，因而汽车通过性能变坏；因为驾驶室有翻转机构和锁住机构，使机构复杂；进、出驾驶室不如长头式货车方便；离合器、变速器等操纵机构复杂；驾驶室内受热及振动均比较大；汽车正面与其它物体发生碰撞时，特别是微型、轻型平头货车，使驾驶员和前排乘员受到严重伤害的可能性增加。

平头式货车的发动机可以布置在座椅下后部，此时中间座椅处没有很高的凸起，可以布置三人座椅，故得到广泛应用。发动机布置在驾驶员和副驾驶员座椅中间形成凸起隔断的布置方案仅在早期的平头车上得到应用。

平头式货车在各种级别的货车上得到广泛应用。

长头式货车的主要优缺点与平头式货车的优缺点相反，而短头式介于两者之间，但更趋于与长头式优缺点相近。长头式货车的前轮相对车头的位置有三种：靠前、居中、靠后。前轮靠前时因轴荷分配不合理，已不采用；前轮靠后时，轮罩凸包会影响驾驶员的操作空间；前轮居中时外形美观、布置匀称，故得到广泛应用。

偏置式驾驶室的货车主要用于重型矿用自卸车上。它具有平头式货车的一些优点，如轴距短、视野良好等，此外还具有驾驶室通风条件好、维修发动机方便等优点。

货车按照发动机位置不同，可分为发动机前置、中置和后置三种布置形式。其中发动机前置后桥驱动货车得到广泛应用。它与其它两种布置形式比较有如下主要优点：维修发动机方便；离合器、变速器等操纵机构简单；货箱地板高度低；可以采用直列发动机、V型发动机或卧式发动机；发现发动机故障容易。

发动机前置后桥驱动的货车有下述主要缺点：如果采用平头式驾驶室，而且发动机布置在前轴之上，处于两侧座位之间时，驾驶室内部拥挤，隔热、隔振、密封和降低噪声问题难以解决；如果采用长头式驾驶室，为保证具有良好的视野，驾驶员座椅须布置高些，这又影响整车和质心高度，同时增加了整车长度。

采用卧式发动机，且布置在货箱下方的后桥驱动货车，因发动机通用性不好，需特殊设计，维修不便；油门、离合器、变速器等操纵机构因距驾驶员远，导致机构复杂；发动机距地面近，容易被车轮带动起来的泥土弄脏；受发动机位置影响，货箱地板高度高。目前这种布置形式的货车已不采用。

发动机后置后轮驱动货车是由发动机后置后轮驱动的轿车变型而来，所以极少采用。这种形式的货车后桥超载；操纵机构复杂；发现发动机故障和维修发动机都困难以及发动机容易被泥土弄脏等是它的主要缺点。

Edited by kevin jost                            

  The car form choose

The car of different form, main body now stalk number, drive a form and arrange formality to contain differentiation.

A, the stalk count

The car can have two stalks, three stalks, four stalks more stalks even count.The factor which influences to select by examinations a stalk number mainly includes automotive of the total quality, road laws carries the restriction of the quality and the carrying capacity of the tire to the stalk.

The our country highway standard rule that for four class highways and bridge, the single stalk is the biggest to allow stalk to carry the quality as 10 ts, double connect the stalk be the biggest to allow stalk to carry the quality as 18 ts.(each stalk 9 ts)Carry the restriction of quality to the car stalk according to the highway, the carrying capacity and usage condition etc. of the total quality, tire of car design, can make sure automotive stalk number.Because double stalk car the structure be simple, the manufacturing cost be low, past total highway with less than 19 ts quality conveyance the vehicle extensively adopts this kind of project.Total quality's highway conveyance car in the 19~26 ts adopts three stalk forms, total the quality larger car use four stalks and four stalks above form.

Because car the total quality be smaller and all adopt two stalk forms.The car don't drive in the highway north bound, the stalk lotus is free from road bridge restriction and use such as the mineral from unload a car etc. most adopt two stalk forms.

Two, drive a form

Car's driving a form to have 4 ×s 2 and 4 ×s 4 and 6 ×s 2 and 6 ×s 4 and 6 ×s 6 and 8 ×s 4 and 8 ×s is 8 etc.s, among them an ex- numeral mean car car wheel total amount, behind a numeral mean to drive number.Adopt 4 ×s 2 drive the car structure of form in brief, the manufacturing cost be low and used for car more with total the quality a little smaller highway use vehicle up.Total quality's highway in the 19~26 ts uses a car and adopt 6 ×s 2 or 6 ×s 4 of drive a form.For raising pass of cross-country car sex, should adopt a whole round to drive a form.

Three, arrange form

The car arrange the form mean launch machine, drive the correlation between bridge and carriage(or bridge house) and arrange a characteristics but talk.In addition to being decided by the whole car and each relevant parameter which always become the usage function of car, car of arrange the form have important influence towards using function also.

1.The car arrange form

The car arrange the form mainly has already launch to place an ex- round to drive, launch to place a round to drive, launch machine to postpose a round to drive 3 kinds behind behind before the machine before the machine and see figure 1-3, a handful of car adoptions launch to place a whole round to drive before the machine.

  The car form choose

The car of different form, main body now stalk number, drive a form and arrange formality to contain differentiation.

A, the stalk count

The car can have two stalks, three stalks, four stalks more stalks even count.The factor which influences to select by examinations a stalk number mainly includes automotive of the total quality, road laws carries the restriction of the quality and the carrying capacity of the tire to the stalk.

The our country highway standard rule that for four class highways and bridge, the single stalk is the biggest to allow stalk to carry the quality as 10 ts, double connect the stalk be the biggest to allow stalk to carry the quality as 18 ts.(each stalk 9 ts)Carry the restriction of quality to the car stalk according to the highway, the carrying capacity and usage condition etc. of the total quality, tire of car design, can make sure automotive stalk number.Because double stalk car the structure be simple, the manufacturing cost be low, past total highway with less than 19 ts quality conveyance the vehicle extensively adopts this kind of project.Total quality's highway conveyance car in the 19~26 ts adopts three stalk forms, total the quality larger car use four stalks and four stalks above form.

Because car the total quality be smaller and all adopt two stalk forms.The car don't drive in the highway north bound, the stalk lotus is free from road bridge restriction and use such as the mineral from unload a car etc. most adopt two stalk forms.

Two, drive a form

Car's driving a form to have 4 ×s 2 and 4 ×s 4 and 6 ×s 2 and 6 ×s 4 and 6 ×s 6 and 8 ×s 4 and 8 ×s is 8 etc.s, among them an ex- numeral mean car car wheel total amount, behind a numeral mean to drive number.Adopt 4 ×s 2 drive the car structure of form in brief, the manufacturing cost be low and used for car more with total the quality a little smaller highway use vehicle up.Total quality's highway in the 19~26 ts uses a car and adopt 6 ×s 2 or 6 ×s 4 of drive a form.For raising pass of cross-country car sex, should adopt a whole round to drive a form.

Three, arrange form

The car arrange the form mean launch machine, drive the correlation between bridge and carriage(or bridge house) and arrange a characteristics but talk.In addition to being decided by the whole car and each relevant parameter which always become the usage function of car, car of arrange the form have important influence towards using function also.

1.The car arrange form

The car arrange the form mainly has already launch to place an ex- round to drive, launch to place a round to drive, launch machine to postpose a round to drive 3 kinds behind behind before the machine before the machine and see figure 1-3, a handful of car adoptions launch to place a whole round to drive before the machine.

 (1)Placed before canning place by Zong perhaps while launching to place an ex- round to drive to launch to place forerunner to move before the machine before the machine, can also arrange before the stalk be apart from outside, stalk be apart from inside or bridge above.This kind of arrange form currently at in the class and it following Class car up get to extensively apply, mainly is because of have under say an advantage:

With empress the round drive a car comparison, ago round drove a car of ex- bridge stalk the lotus was big and have obvious of the shortage changed direction function;The ex- round drives a round, so cross stumbling ability Gao;The lord decelerates machine and gearbox to pack in a hull body, as a result the motive always becomes structure tightly packed;Because have never spread to move stalk, the car hinterland plank convex pack height can lower(the floor convex pack only is use to accept row windpipe at this time) and be advantageous to an exaltation to embark comfort;While launching machine to arrange to be apart from an outside in the stalk, car of the stalk be apart from and can shorten, as a result be advantageous to the flexibility of exaltation car;The car spreads a hot machine to arrange in the car forepart and spread a hot condition like, launch machine to get enough cooling;The baggage box arranges after car department, so have an enough big baggage box space;Easily refit for the guest goods two use car or ambulance;Provide warm organization in brief, and because of tube the road be short so provide a warm efficiency Gao;Launch machine, clutch, gearbox and pilot's position near, so manipulate organization in brief;Launch the machine can place with the Zong or horizontal place a project, especially adopt horizontal place to launch machine, can shorten a car of total long, plused to cancel to spread to move stalk etc. the influence of factor, car consume of the material obviously reduces and make the whole each quality ease;Launch machine horizontal place, the owner decelerates the awl wheel gear of machine to replace with the cylinder wheel gear, lowered a manufacturing difficulty, need not carry on a wheel gear adjustment work, either while assembling and using in the meantime and gearbox and lord decelerate a machine and can use the same kind of lubricant at this time.

Launch to place an ex- round before the machine drive a car of main weakness BE:

Ago the round drive and changed direction need adopt etc. soon ten thousand to stanza, its structure and manufacturing craft all complicated;The bridge burden after compare the stalk was heavy ago, and ex- round again is to change direction a round, past ex- round work the condition was bad and the tire life span was short;Up slope drive because of driving a top adhesive strength decrease, the car climbs ascent ability to lower;Once the occurrence collides trouble face to  face, launch machine and its enclosure to lose more and greatly, maintain expenses Gao.English space Er(south vapor), summer benefit etc. car, all adopt to launch to place an ex- round to drive before the machine of arrange form.

(2) Launch to place a round to drive to launch to place a round to drive a car behind before the machine behind before the machine like descend a main advantage:Stalk lotus the allotment be reasonable, as a result be advantageous to the service life which raises a tire;Ago round not drive, as a result don'ted need to adopt etc. soon ten thousand to the stanza, and was advantageous to reduce a manufacturing cost;Manipulate organization in brief;Adopt warm organization in brief, and take care of road short provide a warm efficiency Gao;Launch machine cooling a condition like;Up slope drive, because drive adhesive strength on round aggrandizement, so climb ascent ability strong;Refit for the guest goods two use car or ambulance more easy;Have an enough big baggage box space;Because gearbox and lord decelerate a machine to separate, so dismantle to pack, maintain easily.

Launch to place a round behind before the machine drive a car of main weakness BE:Because the carriage floor bottom has already spread to move stalk, there is the passage of convex on the floor, and make rear row chair central the thickness of the mat reduce thin, influenced to embark comfort;The car collides with other object occurrence face to  face, easily cause to launch machine to get into a Xiang, will make front row the passenger be hurt by severity;Car of total grow longer, the whole car reorganizes and outfit quality aggrandizement and influence in the meantime automotive of the fuel economy and motive.

Launched to place to drive a car after the round before the machine because guest the Xiang was longer and embarked space spacious, drive steady, past at in the high class and the deluxe car get application.

(3)Launch the machine after postpose the round drives behind for launch machine to postpose a round to drive a car, remove motive to always become, include to launch machine, clutch, gearbox and lord to decelerate a machine decoration integral whole, make structure tightly packed outside, also have next say an advantage:Because launch machine to postpose, the car forepart highly has condition to lower and improved pilot's visual field;The whole car reorganization quality is small;Having never spread to move stalk, and lining up windpipe need not formerly the department extends backward, past guest Xiang hinterland the plank be neater, the pole piece which need to use a lower convex pack height to accept to manipulate organization with strengthen floor just degree, this improved a rear row the chair middle seat passenger's discrepancy condition;Passenger the chair can arrange in the comfortable area;At ascent way the north bound drive, climb ascent ability an exaltation because of driving a top adhesive strength increment;Launch the machine arranges when the stalk be apart from an outside, the car stalk be apart from short, mobile function good.

Launch machine to postpose a round behind drive a car of main weakness BE:Empress bridge burden heavy, make the car have excessive change direction of tendency;Ago round the adhesive strength was small and changed direction while made good time unsteady, the influence manipulated a stability;Baggage box fore the department is change direction rotate to occupy certain space and improve a pilot visual field influence, baggage box the space be greatly not enough;Because the motive always becomes at after department, farther apart from the pilot, so manipulate organization complications;BE launched machine to highly influence, refit for the guest goods two use car or ambulance difficulty.

Because of the above-mentioned weakness, the round drives a car and almost no longer adopts after launching machine to postpose.

2.The truck arrange form

Press the bridge house with launch the dissimilarity of the machine opposite position, the truck has a long head a type, short head type, crew cut type with be partial to a place type.Long head's characteristics of the type be to launch a flight at the bridge house forepart, be launch machine to have little part Be located on to drive indoor hour be called a short head a type, launch a flight to be called a crew cut type while drive indoor, bridge house's ising partial to to place is launch truck at the side of machine to be called to be partial to a place type.

Arrange the form is the truck of crew cut type, it main advantage as follows:

The car is always long with the stalk be short apart from the size, minimum turn the diameter be small and the mobile function is good;Don't need to launch machine cover and wing son plank, plus to always grow to shorten etc. the influence of factor, the car reorganization quality let up;The pilot's visual field gets an obvious improvement;Can improve close of launch the machine and its enclosure while adopting inside out type bridge house;The utilization Gao of the car area.

The main weakness of the crew cut type truck include:The stalk burden was big ago, as a result the car passed function decayed;Because the bridge house has inside out organization and lock to live organization, make organization complicated;Enter, the bridge house rather grows a the type truck be convenient;The clutch, gearbox...etc. manipulate organization complications;The driver is indoor to be subjected to heat and vibrate all bigger;When car collided with other object occurrence face to  face, especially miniature, light crew cut truck, make pilot and front row the passenger suffered from the possibility increment of severity injury.

The crew cut type truck launches machine and can arrange after chair is next department, at this time in the center the chair don't have very high and convex, can arrange three people chair, so get extensively applied.Launch machine to arrange the chair in the center becomes at the pilot and co-pilot convex the decoration project risen to cut off only on earlier period of the crew cut car get an application.

Crew cut type truck's truck in various Class get extensively applied.

Long head's merit and shortcoming of main merit and shortcoming and crew cut type truck of the type truck is contrary, but the short head type lie between both, but gradually in with long the head's type merit and shortcoming be close by.The position which grows a head the ex- round of the type truck an opposite car head has 3 kinds:Before depend, in the center, depend behind.Ago round depend the ex- hour assigned because of the stalk lotus not reasonable, no longer adopt;When round depended behind ago, round cover the convex pack will influence a pilot of operation space;Ago round in the center the shape is beautiful and arranges well-balanced, so get extensively applied.

The truck which is partial to a place type bridge house mainly useds for a heavy type mineral to use from unload a car up.It has a crew cut type some advantages of the truck and be apart from such as the stalk short, the visual field good etc., in addition still have bridge house a well ventilated condition like, maintain to launch the machine convenient etc. advantage.

Truck according to launch a flight to place a dissimilarity, can is divided in to launch to place, win to place and postpose 3 kinds to arrange a form before the machine.Launch among them to place bridge to drive truck to get behind before the machine extensively applied.It arranges with other 2 kinds the form be more like to descend a main advantage:Maintain to launch machine convenience;The clutch, gearbox...etc. manipulate organization in brief;Packing box floor the height be low;Can adopt array to launch machine, V type to launch machine or lie type to launch machine;Discover that launching machine breakdown is easy.

The truck which launches to place bridge to drive behind before the machine have next say main weakness:If adopt crew cut type bridge house, and launch machine to arrange ahead stalk on, be placed in an of two side seats, bridge house inner part hustle, separate hot, separate to flap, seal completely and lower a Zao voice's problem hard resolve;If the adoption grows head type bridge house, have good visual field for assurance, pilot chair beard decoration Gao Xie, this again influence the whole car and quality heart height, increased the whole conductor degree in the meantime.

The adoption lie type launches machine, and arrange after the packing box under of the bridge drive truck, not good because of launching the machine in general use, need a special design, maintain inconvenience;The accelerator, clutch, gearbox...etc. manipulate organization because of being far apart from the pilot and cause organization complicated;Launch the machine is near apart from the ground and is easily take by the car wheel to move of the mud make dirty;BE launched a flight to place influence, the packing box floor height Gao.Currently this kind of arrange form of the truck no longer adopts.

Launch machine to postpose a round to drive truck behind from launch machine to postpose behind the round drive of the car change type since then, so very few adoption.The bridge overloads after the truck of this kind of form;Manipulate organization complications;Discover that launching machine breakdown and maintaining to launch machines is all difficult and launch machine to be easily make dirty by the mud to wait the main weakness for being it.