PASSAGE A Power Train
The power train serves two functions: it transmits power from the engine to the drive wheels, and it varies the amount of torque. The power train includes:1.engine:that produces power;2.transmission:either manual or automatic;3.clutch:used only on manual transmission, or torque converter.:used only on automatic transmission; 4.drive shaft:that transmits the power from transmission to
differential;5.that carries the power to the two wheel axles.See Fig.5-1.
Manual transmission
The function of a manual transmission,shown in Fig.5-2, is to transfer engine power to the drive shaft and rear wheels. Gears inside the transmission change the car’s drive-wheel speed and torque in relation to engine speed and torque.This keeps the engine’s output matched as close as possible to varying road speeds and loads.
A manual transaxle,shown in the Fig.5-3.,is a single unit composed of a
manual transmission, differential, and drive axles. Most front-wheel-drive(FWD) cars
are equipped with a transaxle. Such transaxle are also found on some front-engined or rear-wheel-drive (RWD),four-wheel-drive(4WD)cars and on rear-engined
and rear-wheel-drive cars.
A manual transmission requires use of a clutch to apply and remove engine torque to the transmission input shaft.The clutch allows this to happpen gradually so that the car can be started from a complete stop.
Manual transmission usually have four or five speeds, and often have “overdrive”, which means that the output shaft can turn faster than the input
Shaft for fuel economy on the highway. When you use it, it will reduce the
engine speed by one-third,while maintaining the same road speed.
Clutch
Driving a car with a manual transmission, you depress the clutch, select a gear, and release the clutch while applying power to get the car to move. The clutch allows engine power to be applied gradually when a vehicle is starting out, and interrupts power to avoid gear crunching when shifting. Engaging the clutch allows power to transfer from the engine to transmission
and drive wheel. Disengaging the clutch stops the power transfer and allows
the engine to continue turning without force to the drive wheels.
The clutch basic components are:the flywheel, clutch disk, pressure plate, release bearing and linkage. See Fig.5-4.
The flywheel is bolted to the crankshaft of the engine. Its main function is to transfer engine torque from the engine to the transmission.
The clutch disk is basically a steel plate, covered with a frictional material that goes between the flywheel and the pressure plate.
A pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel. It includes a sheet metal cover, heavy release springs, a metal pressure ring that provides a friction surface for the clutch disk.
The release bearing is the heart of clutch operation. When the clutch pedal
is depressed, the throw-out bearing moves toward the flywheel, pushing in the pressure plate’s release fingers and moving the pressure plate fingers or levers against pressure plate spring force.
The linkage transmits and multiplies the driver’s leg force to the fork of
the clutch pressure plate. A mechanical clutch linkage usually consists of the clutch pedal, a series of linkage rods and arms, or a cable. A hydraulic clutch linkage typically includes a clutch master cylinder and reservoir, a hydraulic line and a slave cylinder.
Automatic transmission
Both an automatic transmission and a manual transmission accomplish exactly the same thing, but they do it in totally different ways. The key difference between a manual and an automatic transmissions is that the manual transmission locks and unlocks and different sets of gears to the output shaft to achieve the various gear ratios, while in an automatic transmission, the same set of gears produces all of different gear ratios. The planetary gear-set is the device that makes this possible in an automatic.
Automatic transmissions are used in many rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive vehicles. Automatic transaxles are used in most front-wheel-drive vehicles. The major components of a transaxle are the same as those in a transmission, except the transaxle assembly includes the final drive and differential gears, in addition to the transmission.
An automatic transmission receives engine power through a torque converter,
which is driven by the engine’s crankshaft. Hydraulic pressure in the converter allows power to flow from the torque converter to the transmission’s input shaft. The input shaft drives a planetary gear set that provides the different forward gears, a neutral position, and one reverse gear. Power flow through the gears is controlled by multiple-disk clutches, one-way clutches, and friction bands.
Passage B Power Train
Torque Converter
The key to the modern automatic transmission is the torque converter. It takes the place of a clutch in a manual transmission to send the power from the engine to the transmission input shaft. The torque converter offers the advantage of multiplying the turning power provided by the engine.
It has three parts that help multiply the power:an impeller(or pump)connected to the engine’s crankshaft, a turbine to turn the turbine shaft which is connected to the gears, and a stator(or guide wheel)between the two. See Fig. 5-6.
The torque converter is filled with transmission fluid that is moved by impeller blades. When the impeller spins above a certain speed, the turbine spins, driven by the impeller.
Planetary Gearing
Planetary gears provide for the different gear ratios needed to move a vehicle in the desired direction at the correct speed. A planetary gear set consists of a sun gear, planet gears, and a internal ring. See Fig. 5-7.
In the center of the planetary gear set is the sun gear.Planet gears surround the sun gear, just like the earth and other planets in our solar system. These gears are mounted and supported by the planet carrier and each
gear spins on its own separate shaft. The planet gears are in constant mesh with the sun and ring gears. The ring gear is the outer gear of the gear set. Its has internal teeth and surrounds the rest of the gear set. Its gear teeth are in constant mesh with the planet gears. The number of planet gears
used in a planetary gear set varies according to the loads the transmission is designed to face. For heavy loads, the number of planet gears is increased
to spread the work load over more gear teeth.
The planetary gear set can provide a gear reduction or overdrive, direct drive or reverse, or a neutral position. Because the gears in constant mesh, gear changes are made without engaging or disengaging gears, as is required in a manual transmission. Rather, clutches and bands are used to either hold or release different members of the gear set to get the proper direction of
rotation and/or gear ratio.
Different
On FWD cars, the differential unit is normally part of the transaxle assembly. On RWD cars, it is part of the rear axle assembly. Located inside the differential case are the differential pinion shafts and gears and the differential side gears. See Fig.5-8
The differential assembly revolves with the ring gear. Axle side gears are splined to the rear axle or front axle drive shafts.
When an automobile is moving straight ahead, both wheels are free to rotate. Engine power is applied to the pinion gear, which rotates the ring gear.
Beveled pinion gears are carried around by the ring gear and rotate as one unit. Each axle receives the same power, so each wheel turns at the same speed. See Fig. 5-9.
When the car turns a sharp corner, only one wheel rotates freely. Torque still comes in on the pinion gear and rotates the ring gear, carrying the beveled pinions around with it. However, one axle is held stationary and the beveled pinions are forced to rotate on their own axis and “walk around”
their gear. The other side is forced to rotate because it is subjected to the
turning force of the ring gear, which is transmitted through the pinions. See Fig. 5-10.
Drive shaft
A drive shaft and universal joints(U-joints) connect the transmission to the rear drive axle on most rear-wheel-drive vehicles. Many four-wheel-drive vehicles also use drive shafts and universal joints, with one drive shaft between the transfer case and rear drive axle and a second drive shaft between the transfer case and the front drive axle. The drive shaft is sometimes called a
propeller shaft.
The drive shaft and U-joints provide a means of transferring engine torque
to drive axles. The universal joints allow the drive shaft to move up and down, to allow for suspension travel. Some drive shaft also have a slip joints
that allows the drive shaft to make minor length changes as the vehicle suspension height changes.
动力传动系
A
动力传动系有两个作用:它把动力从发动机传送到驱动轮上,并且改变扭矩的大小。动力传动系包括:1.发动机:制造动力2.
变速器:不是手动就是自动3.离合器:仅用在手动变速器或者液力变矩器4.驱动轴:把动力从变速器传到差速器5.差速器:将动力传到两个驱动轴上。
手动变速器
手动变速器的作用是,把发动机动力传送到传动轴和驱动轮。变速器内的齿轮,改变车辆驱动轮和发动机之间转速和扭矩的比例。这样保持发动机的输出尽可能的靠近改变路面速度和最低速度。
一个手动的驱动桥,是一个由手动变速器,差速器,传动轴组成的。大多数前轮驱动汽车装有一个驱动桥。这样的驱动桥也能在一些前置引擎或者后轮驱动,四轮驱动的汽车,在后置引擎和后轮驱动的汽车上看到。
一个手动变速器包括使用一个离合器来消除发动机扭矩到变速器输入轴。离合器允许这样渐渐发生以至于汽车能够启动。
手动变速器通常有四到五个档位,而且一般有“超速档”,
对于在路上的燃油经济性这样就意味着输出轴比输入轴转的更快。当你使用变速器的时候,要维持同样的速度,将减少发动机转速的三分之一。
离合器
驾驶手动挡汽车,你踩下离合器,啮合了齿轮,然后松掉离合器而汽车会适应动力前进。离合器可使车辆启动后发动机的动力被逐渐的加载,并可通过切断动力防止换挡时齿轮被咬碎。离合器啮合时把发动机动力传送到变速器和驱动轮。离合器分离停止动力传输,在没有动力传到驱动轮上的情况下,发动机可以持续运转。
离合器基本的部件是:飞轮,离合器盘,压力盘,分离轴承和联接装置。
飞轮被螺栓固定在发动机的曲轴上。它的主要作用是传送发动机扭矩从发动机到变速器。
离合器盘基本就是一块钢板,在飞轮和压力盘中间覆盖了一种耐摩擦材料。
离合器盘螺栓连接在飞轮上。它包括一张薄片金属封盖,弹簧,一个给离合器盘提供摩擦表面的金属压力环。
分离轴承是离合器操纵机构的中心。当离合器踏板踩下时,分离轴承指向飞轮,压盘推进释放了挡板然后移动压盘弹簧片到压盘弹簧弹力顶。
联接装置成倍地传送驾驶员腿部力量到离合器压盘的膜片。一个机械离合器连接装置通常由离合器踏板,一系列连接杆臂或者一组电缆。一个液压离合器联接装置大体上是由一个离合器制动缸和储存器,一组液压管路和一个从动缸。
自动变速器
自动变速器和手动变速器严格的讲都能完成一样的工作,但他们完成工作的方法完全不一样。手动变速器和自动变速器的之间的根本区别在于手动变速器锁与不锁在不同的输出轴来实现各种传动比;而在自动变速器上,同一套齿轮装置能够提供所有的不同传动比。行星齿轮副给这样的自动变速器制造了可能。
自动变速器运用在许多后轮驱动和四轮驱动汽车上。自动驱动桥运用在大多数前轮驱动汽车上。一个驱动桥的主要零部件和一个变速器的差不多,除了驱动桥拥有主减速器和差速器而变速器没有。
自动变速器通过液力变矩器接受发动机动力,被发动机曲轴驱使。变换器的液压允许动力从液力变矩器传到变速器输入轴。
输入轴带动行星齿轮副提供不同的前进挡,空挡和倒档。通过传动装置的功率由盘式离合器,单片离合器和摩擦片控制。
B
液力变矩器
现代自动变速器的核心是液力变矩器。它代替了手动变速器的离合器来传输从发动机到变速器输出轴的动力。液力变矩器提供了有利的成倍转速动力。
液力变矩器有三个部分帮助成倍提高动力:联接在发动机曲轴上的叶轮,一个涡轮连接在齿轮上的涡轮轴和在两者之间的导向轮。
液力变矩器里面充满了变速器液体,那些液体被泵轮叶片驱动。当叶轮旋转到一定速度时,涡轮被叶轮带动开始旋转。
行星齿轮组
行星齿轮组提供不同的齿轮传动比,使汽车在正确的方向正确的速度上行驶。一个行星齿轮组由一个太阳轮,行星齿轮和一个齿圈组成。
行星齿轮组的中心是太阳轮。行星齿轮围绕着太阳轮,就像我们的地球和其他行星在我们的太阳系。这些齿轮被安装在行星齿轮架上而且每个齿轮都在独立的轴上旋转。行星齿轮是恒定不变的啮合在太阳轮和齿圈上。齿圈是行星齿轮组远离中心的齿。
它有内齿而且围绕着其余的齿轮组。它的齿被恒定不变的啮合在
行星齿轮上。许多星系齿轮根据变速器所设计面对的负荷来运用在行星齿轮组上。对于高负荷,许多星系齿轮提高比内齿更高的负荷来带动工作。
星系齿轮组能够提供一个齿轮减速或者齿轮超速,前进挡或者倒档,或者一个空挡。因为齿轮固定不变的啮合,变速齿轮被制造了而不再需要接合齿轮或者分离齿轮,它被运用在手动变速器上。相反,离合器被运用的既要保持或者释放不同的齿轮组数量又要获得合适的旋转度和齿轮比。
差速器
在前轮驱动汽车上,差速器装置一般是变速驱动桥的部分组成。在后轮驱动桥上,它是后桥的组成部分。在差速器壳内,是差速器行星齿轮轴,行星齿轮和差速器齿轮半轴。
差速器围绕着齿圈旋转。轮轴边上的齿轮用花键联接在前桥驱动桥或者后桥驱动桥上。
当一辆汽车一直往前走,它的轮子也是自由旋转。引擎动力被运用在行星齿轮,使它旋转行星齿轮。斜行星齿轮被围绕着齿圈旋转就像一个整体在旋转。各个车轴接收一样的动力,所以各个车轮以一样的速度旋转。
当汽车开到一个狭窄的角落,只有一个轮子自由地转动。扭矩依然参与在行星齿轮间和齿圈间旋转,并使斜齿轮围绕着它旋转。然而,一个轮轴被固定着和一个斜齿轮被迫在他们的轴线上旋转和在他们齿轮上“漫游”。另一边被迫旋转因为它受到齿轮旋转的力量,这些力量通过小齿轮传递。
驱动轴
一个驱动轴和万向节联接了变速器与后轮传动轴在大多数后轮驱动汽车上。许多四轮驱动汽车也用驱动轴和万向节,用第一驱动轴放在分动器和后轮驱动轴间和第二驱动轴放在分动器和前轮驱动轴间。驱动轴有时称为螺旋轴。
驱动轴和U型节提供了一种传递发动机扭矩到传动轴的方法。万向节允许了驱动轴向上或下的移动,考虑到了悬架行程。一些驱动轴也有一个滑节,用来给驱动轴改变细小的长度变化来使汽车悬架高度改变。