python的异常

python的异常

1.1 定义

◇ 异常就是错误

◇ 异常会导致程序崩溃并停止运行

◇ 能监控并捕获到异常，将异常部位的程序进行修理使程序继续正常运行

1.2 异常的语法

1.3 捕获通用异常

无法确定是那种异常情况下使用

1.4 捕获具体异常

（性能好）确定是哪种异常的情况下使用的捕获方法

其中如果try发现错误后，则会执行异常后面的程序，如果未发现错误，则会顺序执行下去

1.5 捕获多个异常

当except代码后面的异常类型使用元祖包裹起来，捕获哪种异常就抛哪种。

def upper(str_data):
    new_str = 'None'
    try:
        new_str = str_data.upper()
    except Exception as e:
        print('program goes wrong !',format(e))
    return new_str

# result = upper('devil')
result = upper(1)
print('result:',result)

def test():
    try:
        1/0
        print('hello')
    except ZeroDivisionError as e:
        print(e)

test()

def test1():
    name = 'none'
    try:
        1/0
        name = 'one'
        print(name)
    except ZeroDivisionError as e:
        print(e)

test1()

1.6 常用的异常合集

class Test(object):
    pass

t = Test()
try:
    t.name
except AttributeError as e:
    print(e)

d = { 'name': '小慕'}
try:
    d['age']
except KeyError as e:
    print('没有对应的键：', e)

l = [1, 2, 3]
try:
    l[5]
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)

name = 'apple'
try:
    int(name)
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)

def test(a):
    return a
try:
    test()
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

1.7 异常中的finally

1. finally，无论是否发生异常，一定会执行的代码块

2. 在函数中，即便在try或except中进行了return也依然会执行finally语法块

3. try语法块，至少要伴随except或finally中的一个

finally在2.5版本之前，finally需要独立使用，不可以和try配合，之后才演变成现在的模式。

def test1():
    try:
        1/0
    except Exception as e:
        print(e)
    finally:
        return 'finally'

result = test1()
print(result)

def test2():
    try:
        1/0
    except Exception as e:
        return e
    finally:
        print('finally')
    
print('--------')
result = test2()
print(result)

def test3():
    try:
        return 'try'
    except Exception as e:
        print('e')
    finally:
        print('finally test3')

print('========')
result = test3()
print(result)

1.8 自定义异常与抛出异常

1.8.1 raise

将信息以报错的形式抛出

def test(number):
    if number == 100:
        raise ValueError('number 不可以是100')
    return number

result = test(50)
print(result)

# result = test(100)
# print(result)

def test2(number):
    try:
        return test(number)
    except ValueError as e:
        return e

result = test2(100)
print(result)

def test3():
    raise 'wrong'

# test3()
def test4(name):
    if name == 'apple':
        raise Exception('apple不可以被填写')
    return name

test4('apple')

1.8.2 自定义异常类

1. 继承基类----Exception
2. 在构造函数中定义错误信息

def test(number):
    if number == 100:
        raise ValueError('number 不可以是100')
    return number

result = test(50)
print(result)

# result = test(100)
# print(result)

def test2(number):
    try:
        return test(number)
    except ValueError as e:
        return e

result = test2(100)
print(result)

def test3():
    raise 'wrong'

# test3()
def test4(name):
    if name == 'apple':
        raise Exception('apple不可以被填写')
    return name

# test4('apple')

class NumberLimitError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, message):
        self.message = message

class NameLimitError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, message):
        self.message = message

def test5(name):
    if name == 'apple':
        raise NameLimitError('apple 不可以被填写')
    return name

def test6(number):
    if(number >= 100):
        raise NumberLimitError('数字不可以大于100')
    return number

print('---------')

try:
    test5('apple')
except NameLimitError as e:
    print(e)

try:
    test6(100)
except NumberLimitError as e:
    print(e)

test5('apple')

1.9 断言

1.9.1 断言的功能

assert 用于判断一个表达式，在表达式条件为false的时候触发异常

用法

1.10 debug

打断点