Java基础学习（四）异常 2019.7.1

异常是指由于程序中的错误而导致正常的程序流程中断的一种事件。

 1.没有错误处理的程序:
{
      openTheFile;
      determine its size;
      allocate that much memory;
      read-file
      closeTheFile;  
 }

2.以常规方法处理错误：
openFiles;
if (theFilesOpen)
{
   determine the length of the file;
   if (gotTheFileLength)
   {
       allocate that much memory;
       if (gotEnoughMemory)
       {
            read the file into memory;
            if (readFailed)  errorCode=-1;
            else errorCode = -2;
       }
       else  errorCode=-3;
   }
   else errorCode=-4 ;
}
else errorCode=-5; 

以常规方法处理错误存在的问题：
观察前面的程序，大家会发现大部分精力花在出错处理上了
 只把能够想到的错误考虑到，对以外的情况无法处理
 程序可读性差，大量的错误处理代码混杂在程序中
 出错返回信息量太少，无法更确切的了解错误状况或原因

3.用异常的形式处理错误：
{
  try
  {
     openTheFile;
     determine its size;
     allocate that much memory;
     read-File;
     closeTheFile;
  }
  catch(fileopenFailed)        { dosomething; }
  catch(sizeDetermineFailed)        { dosomething; }
  catch(memoryAllocateFailed)    { dosomething; }
  catch(readFailed)            { dosomething; }
  catch(fileCloseFailed)        { dosomething; }
  finally                { dosomething; }
}
异常机制的优点：
把错误处理代码从常规代码中分离出来
按错误类型和差别分组（类Exception，派生）
对无法预测的错误的捕获和处理（基类）
克服了传统方法的错误信息有限的问题（getMessage）
把错误传播给调用堆栈（比较：全局变量，返回值）
 

什么情况下使用异常机制？
       当方法因为自身无法控制的原因而不能完成其任务
            (文件不存在，网络连接无法建立……
       处理在方法、类库、类中抛出的异常
            ( 如FileInputStream.read产生IOException
       在大的项目中采用统一的方式处理错误时
            ( 如编写一个文字处理器
       异常应该是不经常发生但却可能发生的故障
             (一定发生的事件不应该用异常机制来处理
       异常处理用于使系统从故障中恢复
            ( 提示信息/不产生无效的结果/释放资源

 

异常机制的关键步骤
try {…} 
     定义可能产生异常的代码段
catch (Etype e) {…}
     用于捕获一个异常
finally {…}
     用于做统一的事后处理，如释放资源
throw e; 
     用于抛出一个异常
throws Etype1, Etype2 ……
     用于声明方法可能抛出的异常类型

public static void main(String[] args) {
Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
   //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
   Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");

   //STEP 3: Open a connection
   System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
   conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

   //STEP 4: Set auto commit as false.
   conn.setAutoCommit(false);

   //STEP 5: Execute a query to delete statment with
   // required arguments for RS example.
   System.out.println("Creating statement...");
   stmt = conn.createStatement();

   //STEP 6: Now list all the available records.
   String sql = "SELECT * FROM person2";
   ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
   System.out.println("List result set for reference....");
   printRs(rs);

   // STEP 7: delete rows having ID grater than 104
   // But save point before doing so.
   Savepoint savepoint1 = conn.setSavepoint("ROWS_DELETED_1");
   System.out.println("Deleting row....");
   String SQL = "DELETE FROM person2 " +
                "WHERE ID = 106";
   stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);  
   // oops... we deleted too wrong employees!
   //STEP 8: Rollback the changes afetr save point 2.
   conn.rollback(savepoint1);

 // STEP 9: delete rows having ID grater than 104
   // But save point before doing so.
   Savepoint savepoint2 = conn.setSavepoint("ROWS_DELETED_2");
   System.out.println("Deleting row....");
   SQL = "DELETE FROM person2 " +
                "WHERE ID = 107";
   stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);  

   //STEP 10: Now list all the available records.
   sql = "SELECT * FROM person2";
   rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
   System.out.println("List result set for reference....");
   printRs(rs);

   //STEP 10: Clean-up environment
   rs.close();
   stmt.close();
   conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
   //Handle errors for JDBC
   se.printStackTrace();
   // If there is an error then rollback the changes.
   System.out.println("Rolling back data here....");
   try{
      if(conn!=null)
         conn.rollback();
   }catch(SQLException se2){
      se2.printStackTrace();
   }//end try

}catch(Exception e){
   //Handle errors for Class.forName
   e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
   //finally block used to close resources
   try{
      if(stmt!=null)
         stmt.close();
   }catch(SQLException se2){
   }// nothing we can do
   try{
      if(conn!=null)
         conn.close();
   }catch(SQLException se){
      se.printStackTrace();
   }//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main