观察者模式

这几天由于一直在研究智能指针，由weak_ptr解决shared_ptr的循环引用问题得到了weak_ptr是shared_ptr的观察者模式（又称发布-订阅模式）的理论。但是观察者模式是怎么回事呢。先引用一段设计模式的原文：

Intent ：
Define a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when oneobject changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.

即在被观察者和观察者之间定义一个一对多的依赖关系，当被观察者状态改变时，观察者就会被通知并且更新其状态。

Applicability：

应用：

When an abstraction has two aspects, one dependent on the other.Encapsulating these aspects in separate objects lets you vary and reuse them independently.
情况一：有两个事件，一个依赖于另一个，可以分别封装这两个事件以提高变化性和重用性。
When a change to one object requires changing others, and you don't know how many objects need to be changed.
情况二：当一个对象的改变会引起其他的对象的改变，而你又不知道会影响多少个的时候。
When an object should be able to notify other objects without making assumptions about who these objects are. In other words, you