Visual Studio 2019 和 qt 5.15.1 下 opengl 的运用 - Lighting - 02 - BasicLighting

最新推荐文章于 2022-11-16 17:05:58 发布
最新推荐文章于 2022-11-16 17:05:58 发布
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分类专栏： opengl
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/zzjzmdx/article/details/116275345
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学习learnopengl文章对应地址:https://learnopengl-cn.github.io/02%20Lighting/02%20Basic%20Lighting/

VS、qt版本分别给了多个文件和两个项目，都在同一个包内：https://download.csdn.net/download/zzjzmdx/18249322

展示图：

Visual Studio 2019

代码如下:

BasicLighting-01.cpp

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include "shader.h"
#include "camera.h"

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"

const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);


Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 6.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;


float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;


glm::vec3 lightPos(1.2f, 1.0f, 2.0f);

float vertices[] = {
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,

      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,

      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,

      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f
};

int main()
{
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL)
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);


    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }


    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);


    Shader lightingShader("./2.1cube.vs", "./2.1cube.fs");
    Shader lightCubeShader("./2.1light.vs", "./2.1light.fs");

    unsigned int VBO, cubeVAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);

    // position attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    // normal attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    unsigned int lightCubeVAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &lightCubeVAO);
    glBindVertexArray(lightCubeVAO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);

    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);


    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        processInput(window);

        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        lightingShader.use();
        lightingShader.setVec3("objectColor", 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("lightColor", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("lightPos", lightPos);

        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        lightingShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
        lightingShader.setMat4("view", view);

        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);

        glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

        lightCubeShader.use();
        lightCubeShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
        lightCubeShader.setMat4("view", view);
        model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        model = glm::translate(model, lightPos);
        model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.2f));
        lightCubeShader.setMat4("model", model);

        glBindVertexArray(lightCubeVAO);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &lightCubeVAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}


void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos;

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}

BasicLighting-02.cpp

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include "shader.h"
#include "camera.h"

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"

const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);


Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 4.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;


float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;


glm::vec3 lightPos(0.0f, 0.5f, 2.0f);

float vertices[] = {
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,

      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,

      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,

      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f
};

int main()
{
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL)
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);


    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }


    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);


    Shader lightingShader("./2.2cube.vs", "./2.2cube.fs");
    Shader lightCubeShader("./2.2light.vs", "./2.2light.fs");

    unsigned int VBO, cubeVAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);

    // position attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    // normal attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    unsigned int lightCubeVAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &lightCubeVAO);
    glBindVertexArray(lightCubeVAO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);

    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);


    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        processInput(window);

        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        lightingShader.use();
        lightingShader.setVec3("objectColor", 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("lightColor", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("lightPos", lightPos);
        lightingShader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);


        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        lightingShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
        lightingShader.setMat4("view", view);

        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);

        glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

        lightCubeShader.use();
        lightCubeShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
        lightCubeShader.setMat4("view", view);
        model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        model = glm::translate(model, lightPos);
        model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.1f));
        lightCubeShader.setMat4("model", model);

        glBindVertexArray(lightCubeVAO);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &lightCubeVAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}


void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos;

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}

qt  5.15.1 

代码如下:

BasicLighting-01.cpp

#include "BasicLighting.h"

float vertices[] = {
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,

      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,

      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,

      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f
};

QVector3D lightPos(1.2f, 1.0f, 2.0f);

BasicLighting::BasicLighting(QWidget *parent)
    : QOpenGLWidget(parent)
{
}

BasicLighting::~BasicLighting()
{
    m_cubeVAO->destroy();
    m_vbo->destroy();
    m_lightVAO->destroy();
}

void BasicLighting::initializeGL()
{
    initializeOpenGLFunctions();
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    //物体的QOpenGLShaderProgram
    m_cubeProgram = new QOpenGLShaderProgram();
    //vertex shader 顶点着色器
    m_cubeProgram->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, ":/vcube.glsl");
    //fragment shader 片段着色器
    m_cubeProgram->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, ":/fcube.glsl");
    m_cubeProgram->link();
    m_cubeProgram->bind();//激活Program对象

    //物体的VAO
    m_cubeVAO = new QOpenGLVertexArrayObject();
    m_cubeVAO->create();
    m_cubeVAO->bind();

    m_vbo = new QOpenGLBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::Type::VertexBuffer);
    m_vbo->create();
    m_vbo->bind();
    m_vbo->allocate(vertices, sizeof(vertices));
    m_vbo->setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StreamDraw);

    GLint cubePos = m_cubeProgram->attributeLocation("cubePos");
    if(cubePos==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_cubeProgram->setAttributeBuffer(cubePos, GL_FLOAT, 0,  3, 6*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_cubeProgram->enableAttributeArray(cubePos);

    GLint cubeNormal = m_cubeProgram->attributeLocation("cubeNormal");
    if(cubeNormal==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_cubeProgram->setAttributeBuffer(cubeNormal, GL_FLOAT, 3*sizeof(GLfloat),  3, 6*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_cubeProgram->enableAttributeArray(cubeNormal);

    //物体的QOpenGLShaderProgram
    m_lightProgram = new QOpenGLShaderProgram();
    //vertex shader 顶点着色器
    m_lightProgram->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, ":/vlight.glsl");
    //fragment shader 片段着色器
    m_lightProgram->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, ":/flight.glsl");
    m_lightProgram->link();
    m_lightProgram->bind();//激活Program对象

    m_lightVAO = new QOpenGLVertexArrayObject();
    m_lightVAO->create();
    m_lightVAO->bind();

    m_vbo->bind();

    GLint lightPos = m_lightProgram->attributeLocation("lightPos");
    if(lightPos==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_lightProgram->setAttributeBuffer(lightPos, GL_FLOAT, 0,  3, 6*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_lightProgram->enableAttributeArray(lightPos);

    m_vbo->release();
}

void BasicLighting::paintGL()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);

    QMatrix4x4 projection;
    projection.perspective(fov, (float)SCR_WIDTH/(float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);

    QMatrix4x4 view;
    m_time = QTime::currentTime();
    m_deltaTime = m_time.msecsTo(m_lasttime)/1000.0f;
    m_lasttime = m_time;
    //一个位置、目标和上向量
    view.lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);

    QMatrix4x4 model;

    if(m_cubeProgram->isLinked())
    {
        m_cubeProgram->bind();
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("objectColor", 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("lightColor", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("lightPos", lightPos);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("cubemodel", model);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("cubeview", view);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("cubeprojection", projection);
    }

    m_cubeVAO->bind();
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

    m_cubeVAO->release();
    m_cubeProgram->release();

    model.translate(lightPos);
    model.scale(QVector3D(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f));

    if(m_lightProgram->isLinked())
    {
        m_lightProgram->bind();
        m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("lightmodel", model);
        m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("lightview", view);
        m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("lightprojection", projection);
    }

    m_lightVAO->bind();
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

    m_lightVAO->release();
    m_lightProgram->release();

    update();
}

void BasicLighting::mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event)
{
    int xpos = event->x();
    int ypos = event->y();
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }
    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos;
    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    float sensitivity = 0.1f;
    xoffset *= sensitivity;
    yoffset *= sensitivity;

    yaw += xoffset;
    pitch += yoffset;

    if (pitch > 89.0f)
        pitch = 89.0f;
    if (pitch < -89.0f)
        pitch = -89.0f;

    QVector3D front = QVector3D(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
    front.setX(cos(qDegreesToRadians(yaw)) * cos(qDegreesToRadians(pitch)));
    front.setY(sin(qDegreesToRadians(pitch)));
    front.setZ(sin(qDegreesToRadians(yaw)) * cos(qDegreesToRadians(pitch)));
    cameraFront = front;
}

void BasicLighting::wheelEvent(QWheelEvent *event){
    float flagNumber = 1;
    if(event->angleDelta().y()>0){
        flagNumber = 1;
    }else{
        flagNumber = -1;
    }
    fov -= flagNumber;
//    if (fov < 1.0f)
//        fov = 1.0f;
//    if (fov > 45.0f)
//        fov = 45.0f;
}

void BasicLighting::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event)
{
    float cameraSpeed = m_deltaTime;
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_Escape)
    {
        close();
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_W)
    {
        cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_S)
    {
        cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_A)
    {
        cameraPos -= QVector3D::crossProduct(cameraFront, cameraUp) * cameraSpeed;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_D)
    {
        cameraPos += (QVector3D::crossProduct(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
    }
}

void BasicLighting::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{

}

BasicLighting-02.cpp

#include "BasicLighting.h"

float vertices[] = {
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,

      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,

      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,

      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
       0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
      -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f
};

QVector3D lightPos(0.0f, 0.5f, 2.0f);

BasicLighting::BasicLighting(QWidget *parent)
    : QOpenGLWidget(parent)
{
}

BasicLighting::~BasicLighting()
{
    m_cubeVAO->destroy();
    m_vbo->destroy();
    m_lightVAO->destroy();
}

void BasicLighting::initializeGL()
{
    initializeOpenGLFunctions();
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    //物体的QOpenGLShaderProgram
    m_cubeProgram = new QOpenGLShaderProgram();
    //vertex shader 顶点着色器
    m_cubeProgram->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, ":/vcube.glsl");
    //fragment shader 片段着色器
    m_cubeProgram->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, ":/fcube.glsl");
    m_cubeProgram->link();
    m_cubeProgram->bind();//激活Program对象

    //物体的VAO
    m_cubeVAO = new QOpenGLVertexArrayObject();
    m_cubeVAO->create();
    m_cubeVAO->bind();

    m_vbo = new QOpenGLBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::Type::VertexBuffer);
    m_vbo->create();
    m_vbo->bind();
    m_vbo->allocate(vertices, sizeof(vertices));
    m_vbo->setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StreamDraw);

    GLint cubePos = m_cubeProgram->attributeLocation("cubePos");
    if(cubePos==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_cubeProgram->setAttributeBuffer(cubePos, GL_FLOAT, 0,  3, 6*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_cubeProgram->enableAttributeArray(cubePos);

    GLint cubeNormal = m_cubeProgram->attributeLocation("cubeNormal");
    if(cubeNormal==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_cubeProgram->setAttributeBuffer(cubeNormal, GL_FLOAT, 3*sizeof(GLfloat),  3, 6*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_cubeProgram->enableAttributeArray(cubeNormal);

    //物体的QOpenGLShaderProgram
    m_lightProgram = new QOpenGLShaderProgram();
    //vertex shader 顶点着色器
    m_lightProgram->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, ":/vlight.glsl");
    //fragment shader 片段着色器
    m_lightProgram->addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, ":/flight.glsl");
    m_lightProgram->link();
    m_lightProgram->bind();//激活Program对象

    m_lightVAO = new QOpenGLVertexArrayObject();
    m_lightVAO->create();
    m_lightVAO->bind();

    m_vbo->bind();

    GLint lightPos = m_lightProgram->attributeLocation("lightPos");
    if(lightPos==-1)
    {
        return;
    }
    m_lightProgram->setAttributeBuffer(lightPos, GL_FLOAT, 0,  3, 6*sizeof(GLfloat));
    m_lightProgram->enableAttributeArray(lightPos);

    m_vbo->release();
}

void BasicLighting::paintGL()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);

    QMatrix4x4 projection;
    projection.perspective(fov, (float)SCR_WIDTH/(float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);

    QMatrix4x4 view;
    m_time = QTime::currentTime();
    m_deltaTime = m_time.msecsTo(m_lasttime)/1000.0f;
    m_lasttime = m_time;
    //一个位置、目标和上向量
    view.lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);

    QMatrix4x4 model;

    if(m_cubeProgram->isLinked())
    {
        m_cubeProgram->bind();
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("objectColor", 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("lightColor", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("lightPos", lightPos);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("viewPos", cameraPos);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("cubemodel", model);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("cubeview", view);
        m_cubeProgram->setUniformValue("cubeprojection", projection);
    }

    m_cubeVAO->bind();
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

    m_cubeVAO->release();
    m_cubeProgram->release();

    model.translate(lightPos);
    model.scale(QVector3D(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f));

    if(m_lightProgram->isLinked())
    {
        m_lightProgram->bind();
        m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("lightmodel", model);
        m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("lightview", view);
        m_lightProgram->setUniformValue("lightprojection", projection);
    }

    m_lightVAO->bind();
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

    m_lightVAO->release();
    m_lightProgram->release();

    update();
}

void BasicLighting::mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event)
{
    int xpos = event->x();
    int ypos = event->y();
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }
    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos;
    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    float sensitivity = 0.1f;
    xoffset *= sensitivity;
    yoffset *= sensitivity;

    yaw += xoffset;
    pitch += yoffset;

    if (pitch > 89.0f)
        pitch = 89.0f;
    if (pitch < -89.0f)
        pitch = -89.0f;

    QVector3D front = QVector3D(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
    front.setX(cos(qDegreesToRadians(yaw)) * cos(qDegreesToRadians(pitch)));
    front.setY(sin(qDegreesToRadians(pitch)));
    front.setZ(sin(qDegreesToRadians(yaw)) * cos(qDegreesToRadians(pitch)));
    cameraFront = front;
}

void BasicLighting::wheelEvent(QWheelEvent *event){
    float flagNumber = 1;
    if(event->angleDelta().y()>0){
        flagNumber = 1;
    }else{
        flagNumber = -1;
    }
    fov -= flagNumber;
//    if (fov < 1.0f)
//        fov = 1.0f;
//    if (fov > 45.0f)
//        fov = 45.0f;
}

void BasicLighting::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event)
{
    float cameraSpeed = m_deltaTime;
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_Escape)
    {
        close();
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_W)
    {
        cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_S)
    {
        cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_A)
    {
        cameraPos -= QVector3D::crossProduct(cameraFront, cameraUp) * cameraSpeed;
    }
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_D)
    {
        cameraPos += (QVector3D::crossProduct(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
    }
}

void BasicLighting::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{

}

 

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qt5.15.1 msvc2019_x64静态编译,带openssl,带mysql 安装目录: C:\Qt\5.15.1 如果用到MediaPlayer要先在PRO中添加multimedia否则会出现 defaultServiceProvider::requestService(): no service found for - "org.qt...
Qt+OpenGL进阶教学之三维模型读取
mai0026的博客
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STEP三维模型转OBJ模型在OpenGL中绘制
led-Opt.Bak
05-21
毕设&课设&项目&实训- 【项目资源】： 包含前端、后端、移动开发、操作系统、人工智能、物联网、信息化管理、数据库、硬件开发、大数据、课程资源、音视频、网站开发等各种技术项目的源码。 包括STM32、ESP8266、PHP、QT、Linux、iOS、C++、Java、python、web、C#、EDA、proteus、RTOS等项目的源码。 【项目质量】： 所有源码都经过严格测试，可以直接运行。 功能在确认正常工作后才上传。 【适用人群】： 适用于希望学习不同技术领域的小白或进阶学习者。 可作为毕设项目、课程设计、大作业、工程实训或初期项目立项。 【附加价值】： 项目具有较高的学习借鉴价值，也可直接拿来修改复刻。 对于有一定基础或热衷于研究的人来说，可以在这些基础代码上进行修改和扩展，实现其他功能。 【沟通交流】： 有任何使用上的问题，欢迎随时与博主沟通，博主会及时解答。 鼓励下载和使用，并欢迎大家互相学习，共同进步。
【图像加密解密】基于matlab菲涅尔域双随机相位编码图像加密解密【含Matlab源码 4548期】.mp4
05-21
Matlab研究室上传的视频均有对应的完整代码，皆可运行，亲测可用，适合小白； 1、代码压缩包内容 主函数：main.m； 调用函数：其他m文件；无需运行 运行结果效果图； 2、代码运行版本 Matlab 2019b；若运行有误，根据提示修改；若不会，私信博主； 3、运行操作步骤 步骤一：将所有文件放到Matlab的当前文件夹中； 步骤二：双击打开main.m文件； 步骤三：点击运行，等程序运行完得到结果； 4、仿真咨询 如需其他服务，可私信博主或扫描视频QQ名片； 4.1 博客或资源的完整代码提供 4.2 期刊或参考文献复现 4.3 Matlab程序定制 4.4 科研合作
人工智能项目+OpenCV+实例分割+Cpp实现+模型部署+qt界面+完全可用版+C++
05-21
【内容概要】 本C++项目，集成OpenCV库与实例分割模型，实现了对图像中不同对象的精确分割。项目采用先进的实例分割算法，并以C++为核心开发语言，搭配Qt框架构建用户友好型图形界面。完成模型训练后，实现了模型的高效部署，用户可直接通过QT界面上传图片，以及选择模型地址，就可获取分割后的结果。 【适用人群】 适合C++开发者、CV工程师、机器学习研究者及对AI技术有浓厚兴趣的学生群体。 【使用场景】 广泛适用于工业检测、医学影像分析、农林业病虫害识别、智能监控系统及AR增强现实等领域。无论是学术研究中的数据预处理，还是企业级产品中的图像分析功能开发，该项目都能提供坚实的技术支撑。 【目标】 项目旨在通过实战演练，帮助开发者掌握从理论到实践的全过程：包括模型选择与优化、C++接口的OpenCV操作、Qt界面设计与交互逻辑实现，直至模型的高效部署与应用。最终目标是打造一个即拿即用的实例分割工具，促进AI技术在多领域的落地应用，同时提升开发者在复杂项目。
netty-resolver-4.1.22.Final.jar
05-21
javaEE javaweb常用jar包 ， 亲测可用，下载后导入到java工程中使用。
node-v4.8.6-headers.tar.xz
最新发布
05-21
Node.js，简称Node，是一个开源且跨平台的JavaScript运行时环境，它允许在浏览器外运行JavaScript代码。Node.js于2009年由Ryan Dahl创立，旨在创建高性能的Web服务器和网络应用程序。它基于Google Chrome的V8 JavaScript引擎，可以在Windows、Linux、Unix、Mac OS X等操作系统上运行。 Node.js的特点之一是事件驱动和非阻塞I/O模型，这使得它非常适合处理大量并发连接，从而在构建实时应用程序如在线游戏、聊天应用以及实时通讯服务时表现卓越。此外，Node.js使用了模块化的架构，通过npm（Node package manager，Node包管理器）,社区成员可以共享和复用代码，极大地促进了Node.js生态系统的发展和扩张。 Node.js不仅用于服务器端开发。随着技术的发展，它也被用于构建工具链、开发桌面应用程序、物联网设备等。Node.js能够处理文件系统、操作数据库、处理网络请求等，因此，开发者可以用JavaScript编写全栈应用程序，这一点大大提高了开发效率和便捷性。 在实践中，许多大型企业和组织已经采用Node.js作为其Web应用程序的开发平台，如Netflix、PayPal和Walmart等。它们利用Node.js提高了应用性能，简化了开发流程，并且能更快地响应市场需求。
Matlab实现计算器
05-21
可完美实现计算器功能，使用Matlab进行编程，可自行替换按键图标以及背景图片
qt5.15.1下载
07-29
您可以通过以下两种方式下载Qt 5.15.1： 1. 使用Qt的在线安装器：您可以从Qt官方网站下载Qt的在线安装器，该安装器适用于Windows、Mac和Linux系统。您可以访问以下链接下载适合您系统的安装器： - Windows版：\[https://download.qt.io/official_releases/online_installers/qt-unified-windows-x86-online.exe\](https://download.qt.io/official_releases/online_installers/qt-unified-windows-x86-online.exe) - Mac和Linux版：\[https://download.qt.io/official_releases/online_installers/\](https://download.qt.io/official_releases/online_installers/) 2. 手动编译下载：如果您想手动编译下载Qt 5.15.1，您需要在64位系统下使用VS2019的x64_x86 Cross Tools Command进行编译。以下是一些步骤供您参考： - 首先，进入Qt 5.15.1源代码目录，例如：E:\Qt\5.15.1\Src\qtwebengine。 - 创建一个build文件夹，并进入该文件夹。 - 使用VS2019的x64_x86 Cross Tools Command（不是x86_x64开头的）执行以下命令： ``` ..\..\..\msvc2019\bin\qmake.exe ..\qtwebengine.pro -- -webengine-proprietary-codecs nmake nmake install ``` - 这将编译并安装Qt 5.15.1。 请根据您的需求选择适合您的下载方式。 #### 引用[.reference_title] - *1* [编译32位QT5.15.0 QT5.15.1 Qt5.15.2 qtwebengine模块](https://blog.csdn.net/shada/article/details/97267721)[target="_blank" data-report-click={"spm":"1018.2226.3001.9630","extra":{"utm_source":"vip_chatgpt_common_search_pc_result","utm_medium":"distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-cask-2~all~insert_cask~default-1-null.142^v91^control_2,239^v3^insert_chatgpt"}} ] [.reference_item] - *2* *3* [QT6在线安装下载速度慢的解决办法，QT6,QT5.15.1,QT5.15.0及旧版本都支持](https://blog.csdn.net/cnchu/article/details/109049845)[target="_blank" data-report-click={"spm":"1018.2226.3001.9630","extra":{"utm_source":"vip_chatgpt_common_search_pc_result","utm_medium":"distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-cask-2~all~insert_cask~default-1-null.142^v91^control_2,239^v3^insert_chatgpt"}} ] [.reference_item] [ .reference_list ]

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