std::forward argument: Returns an rvalue reference to arg if arg is not an lvalue reference; If arg is an lvalue reference, the function returns arg without modifying its type.
std::forward:This is a helper function to allow perfect forwarding of arguments taken as rvalue references to deduced types, preserving any potential move semantics involved.
std::forward<T>(u)有两个参数:T 与 u。当T为左值引用类型时,u将被转换为T类型的左值,否则u将被转换为T类型右值。如此定义std::forward是为了在使用右值引用参数的函数模板中解决参数的完美转发问题。
std::move是无条件的转为右值引用,而std::forward是有条件的转为右值引用,更准确的说叫做Perfect forwarding(完美转发),而std::forward里面蕴含着的条件则是Reference Collapsing(引用折叠)。
std::move不move任何东西。std::forward也不转发任何东西。在运行时,他们什么都不做。不产生可执行代码,一个比特的代码也不产生。
std::move和std::forward只是执行转换的函数(确切的说应该是函数模板)。std::move无条件的将它的参数转换成一个右值,而std::forward当特定的条件满足时,才会执行它的转换。
std::move表现为无条件的右值转换,就其本身而已,它不会移动任何东西。 std::forward仅当参数被右值绑定时,才会把参数转换为右值。 std::move和std::forward在运行时不做任何事情。
下面是从其他文章中copy的测试代码,详细内容介绍可以参考对应的reference:
#include "forward.hpp"
#include <utility>
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
//
// reference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/forward
struct A {
A(int&& n) { std::cout << "rvalue overload, n=" << n << "\n"; }
A(int& n) { std::cout << "lvalue overload, n=" << n << "\n"; }
};
class B {
public:
template<class T1, class T2, class T3>
B(T1&& t1, T2&& t2, T3&& t3) :
a1_{ std::forward<T1>(t1) },
a2_{ std::forward<T2>(t2) },
a3_{ std::forward<T3>(t3) }
{
}
private:
A a1_, a2_, a3_;
};
template<class T, class U>
std::unique_ptr<T> make_unique1(U&& u)
{
return std::unique_ptr<T>(new T(std::forward<U>(u)));
}
template<class T, class... U>
std::unique_ptr<T> make_unique(U&&... u)
{
return std::unique_ptr<T>(new T(std::forward<U>(u)...));
}
int test_forward1()
{
auto p1 = make_unique1<A>(2); // rvalue
int i = 1;
auto p2 = make_unique1<A>(i); // lvalue
std::cout << "B\n";
auto t = make_unique<B>(2, i, 3);
return 0;
}
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/utility/forward/
// function with lvalue and rvalue reference overloads:
void overloaded(const int& x) { std::cout << "[lvalue]"; }
void overloaded(int&& x) { std::cout << "[rvalue]"; }
// function template taking rvalue reference to deduced type:
template <class T> void fn(T&& x) {
overloaded(x); // always an lvalue
overloaded(std::forward<T>(x)); // rvalue if argument is rvalue
}
int test_forward2()
{
int a;
std::cout << "calling fn with lvalue: ";
fn(a);
std::cout << '\n';
std::cout << "calling fn with rvalue: ";
fn(0);
std::cout << '\n';
return 0;
}
//
// reference: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8526598/how-does-stdforward-work
template<class T>
struct some_struct{
T _v;
template<class U>
some_struct(U&& v) : _v(static_cast<U&&>(v)) {} // perfect forwarding here
// std::forward is just syntactic sugar for this
};
int test_forward3()
{
/* remember the reference collapsing rules(引用折叠规则):
前者代表接受类型,后者代表进入类型,=>表示引用折叠之后的类型,即最后被推导决断的类型
TR R
T& &->T& // lvalue reference to cv TR -> lvalue reference to T
T& &&->T& // rvalue reference to cv TR -> TR (lvalue reference to T)
T&& &->T& // lvalue reference to cv TR -> lvalue reference to T
T&& &&->T&& // rvalue reference to cv TR -> TR (rvalue reference to T) */
some_struct<int> s1(5);
// in ctor: '5' is rvalue (int&&), so 'U' is deduced as 'int', giving 'int&&'
// ctor after deduction: 'some_struct(int&& v)' ('U' == 'int')
// with rvalue reference 'v' bound to rvalue '5'
// now we 'static_cast' 'v' to 'U&&', giving 'static_cast<int&&>(v)'
// this just turns 'v' back into an rvalue
// (named rvalue references, 'v' in this case, are lvalues)
// huzzah, we forwarded an rvalue to the constructor of '_v'!
// attention, real magic happens here
int i = 5;
some_struct<int> s2(i);
// in ctor: 'i' is an lvalue ('int&'), so 'U' is deduced as 'int&', giving 'int& &&'
// applying the reference collapsing rules yields 'int&' (& + && -> &)
// ctor after deduction and collapsing: 'some_struct(int& v)' ('U' == 'int&')
// with lvalue reference 'v' bound to lvalue 'i'
// now we 'static_cast' 'v' to 'U&&', giving 'static_cast<int& &&>(v)'
// after collapsing rules: 'static_cast<int&>(v)'
// this is a no-op, 'v' is already 'int&'
// huzzah, we forwarded an lvalue to the constructor of '_v'!
return 0;
}
// reference: https://oopscenities.net/2014/02/01/c11-perfect-forwarding/
void sum(int a, int b)
{
std::cout << a + b << std::endl;
}
void concat(const std::string& a, const std::string& b)
{
std::cout<< a + b << std::endl;
}
void successor(int a, int& b)
{
b = ++a;
}
template <typename PROC, typename A, typename B>
void invoke(PROC p, A&& a, B&& b)
{
p(std::forward<A>(a), std::forward<B>(b));
}
int test_forward4()
{
invoke(sum, 10, 20);
invoke(concat, "Hello", "world");
int s = 0;
invoke(successor, 10, s);
std::cout << s << std::endl;
return 0;
}
GitHub: https://github.com/fengbingchun/Messy_Test