STM32F407的时钟配置（system_config.c浅见）

  入手STM32F4系列是从F4Discovery开始的，板子确实很对得起99元的价格～因为最近要做一个图像识别方面的项目，因此开始在f4上进行编程，之前也写过f103系类的单片机，但时钟方面都是使用别人已经写好的时钟配置函数，没有去仔细考虑，换用了f4之后，分析了一下系统的启动过程，发现system_config.c中的SystemInit函数已经把时钟配置好了，但还有一些地方需要做修改，否则可能会导致时钟启动过程出现错误，现在 写出来，也算是做的个备忘吧。

  startup_stm32f40_41xxx.s是怎么对SystemInit进行调用的呢？见103行：

/* Call the clock system intitialization function.*/
bl  SystemInit

  因此跳到SystemInit一探究竟：

void SystemInit(void)
{
  /* FPU settings ------------------------------------------------------------*/
  #if (__FPU_PRESENT == 1) && (__FPU_USED == 1)
    SCB->CPACR |= ((3UL << 10*2)|(3UL << 11*2));  /* set CP10 and CP11 Full Access */
  #endif
  /* Reset the RCC clock configuration to the default reset state ------------*/
  /* Set HSION bit */
  RCC->CR |= (uint32_t)0x00000001;

  /* Reset CFGR register */
  RCC->CFGR = 0x00000000;

  /* Reset HSEON, CSSON and PLLON bits */
  RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFEF6FFFF;

  /* Reset PLLCFGR register */
  RCC->PLLCFGR = 0x24003010;

  /* Reset HSEBYP bit */
  RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFFFBFFFF;

  /* Disable all interrupts */
  RCC->CIR = 0x00000000;

#if defined (DATA_IN_ExtSRAM) || defined (DATA_IN_ExtSDRAM)
  SystemInit_ExtMemCtl(); 
#endif /* DATA_IN_ExtSRAM || DATA_IN_ExtSDRAM */
         
  /* Configure the System clock source, PLL Multiplier and Divider factors, 
     AHB/APBx prescalers and Flash settings ----------------------------------*/
  SetSysClock();

  /* Configure the Vector Table location add offset address ------------------*/
#ifdef VECT_TAB_SRAM
  SCB->VTOR = SRAM_BASE | VECT_TAB_OFFSET; /* Vector Table Relocation in Internal SRAM */
#else
  SCB->VTOR = FLASH_BASE | VECT_TAB_OFFSET; /* Vector Table Relocation in Internal FLASH */
#endif
}

   可见，该函数打开了HSE,PLL(当然还有一些其他功能,如浮点运算,这里不作讨论),并且在最后引用了setsysclock()

static void SetSysClock(void)
{
/******************************************************************************/
/*            PLL (clocked by HSE) used as System clock source                */
/******************************************************************************/
  __IO uint32_t StartUpCounter = 0, HSEStatus = 0;
  
  /* Enable HSE */
  RCC->CR |= ((uint32_t)RCC_CR_HSEON);
 
  /* Wait till HSE is ready and if Time out is reached exit */
  do
  {
    HSEStatus = RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY;
    StartUpCounter++;
  } while((HSEStatus == 0) && (StartUpCounter != HSE_STARTUP_TIMEOUT));

  if ((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY) != RESET)
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x01;
  }
  else
  {
    HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x00;
  }

  if (HSEStatus == (uint32_t)0x01)
  {
    /* Select regulator voltage output Scale 1 mode */
    RCC->APB1ENR |= RCC_APB1ENR_PWREN;
    PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_VOS;

    /* HCLK = SYSCLK / 1*/
    RCC->CFGR |= RCC_CFGR_HPRE_DIV1;

#if defined (STM32F40_41xxx) || defined (STM32F427_437xx) || defined (STM32F429_439xx)      
    /* PCLK2 = HCLK / 1*/
    RCC->CFGR |= RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV2;
    
    /* PCLK1 = HCLK / 1*/
    RCC->CFGR |= RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV4;
#endif /* STM32F40_41xxx || STM32F427_437x || STM32F429_439xx */

#if defined (STM32F401xx)
    /* PCLK2 = HCLK / 2*/
    RCC->CFGR |= RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV1;
    
    /* PCLK1 = HCLK / 4*/
    RCC->CFGR |= RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV2;
#endif /* STM32F401xx */
   
    /* Configure the main PLL */
    RCC->PLLCFGR = PLL_M | (PLL_N << 6) | (((PLL_P >> 1) -1) << 16) |
                   (RCC_PLLCFGR_PLLSRC_HSE) | (PLL_Q << 24);

    /* Enable the main PLL */
    RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLON;

    /* Wait till the main PLL is ready */
    while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLRDY) == 0)
    {
    }
   
#if defined (STM32F427_437xx) || defined (STM32F429_439xx)
    /* Enable the Over-drive to extend the clock frequency to 180 Mhz */
    PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_ODEN;
    while((PWR->CSR & PWR_CSR_ODRDY) == 0)
    {
    }
    PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_ODSWEN;
    while((PWR->CSR & PWR_CSR_ODSWRDY) == 0)
    {
    }      
    /* Configure Flash prefetch, Instruction cache, Data cache and wait state */
    FLASH->ACR = FLASH_ACR_PRFTEN | FLASH_ACR_ICEN |FLASH_ACR_DCEN |FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_5WS;
#endif /* STM32F427_437x || STM32F429_439xx  */

#if defined (STM32F40_41xxx)     
    /* Configure Flash prefetch, Instruction cache, Data cache and wait state */
    FLASH->ACR = FLASH_ACR_PRFTEN | FLASH_ACR_ICEN |FLASH_ACR_DCEN |FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_5WS;
#endif /* STM32F40_41xxx  */

#if defined (STM32F401xx)
    /* Configure Flash prefetch, Instruction cache, Data cache and wait state */
    FLASH->ACR = FLASH_ACR_PRFTEN | FLASH_ACR_ICEN |FLASH_ACR_DCEN |FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_2WS;
#endif /* STM32F401xx */

    /* Select the main PLL as system clock source */
    RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_SW));
    RCC->CFGR |= RCC_CFGR_SW_PLL;

    /* Wait till the main PLL is used as system clock source */
    while ((RCC->CFGR & (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS ) != RCC_CFGR_SWS_PLL);
    {
    }
  }
  else
  { /* If HSE fails to start-up, the application will have wrong clock
         configuration. User can add here some code to deal with this error */
  }

}

  看出，该函数定义了PLL倍频系数，AHB，APB1，APB2时钟（也就是HCLK，PCLK1，PCLK2），根据不同的器件的定义，分别设置了不同的是，时钟频率，可以改变PLL_N,PLL_M,PLL_P,PLL_Q的值，和RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIVx，RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIVx就可以改变了，x代表分频系数。

  系统时钟具体可以参考以下公式：

PLL_VCO = (HSE_VALUE or HSI_VALUE / PLL_M) * PLL_N;

SYSCLK = PLL_VCO / PLL_P;

  USB时钟，SDIO可以参考：

USB OTG FS, SDIO and RNG Clock =  PLL_VCO / PLL_Q;

  比如使用8M的外部晶振，那么PLL_M=8, PLL_N=336, PLL_P=2 就可以配置出168M的系统时钟了。如果PLL_Q=7, USB, SDIO时钟为48M。

另外，还需注意的一点时，PCLK1，也就是APB1时钟不能大于42M，PCLK2不能大于84M，USB，SDIO时钟不能大于48M。

  这样，就可以不用使用自己编写的时钟配置函数了～