单例模式

        单例模式，顾名思义，一个类从始至终只有一个实例;
        单例实质上就是“自定义静态数据类型”;
        单例可应用于唯一资源，常用在资源共享、资源控制情况下，例如：访问数据库，打印机等。

        下面这个例子将单例类抽象出来，做成模板基类，子类继承后便形成各自的单例，非常经典。

#include <iostream.h>

//单例基类
template <class T>
class Singleton
{
  public:
  static T& instance(void)
  {
    if(0 == instance_p_)
    {
	  //lock
      static T derived;
      instance_p_ = &derived;
	  //unlock
    }
    return *const_cast<T*>(instance_p_);
  }

  protected:
   Singleton() {};
   virtual ~Singleton() {}; 

  private:
   static volatile T* instance_p_;
};

template <class T>
volatile T* Singleton<T>::instance_p_ = 0; //lint !e956

//实体类1
class Entity: public Singleton<Entity>
{
public:
  
  Entity()
  { 
    //在第instance中static T derived 被实例化
	this->var = 10;    
	cout<<"Singleton Constructor"<<endl;    
  }	
  
  int getVar()
  {   
	return this->var;    
  }
	
  void setVar(int var)
  {
	this->var = var;    	
  }
  private:
  int var;//成员变量(用于测试)    
};
//实体类2
class Entity2: public Singleton<Entity2>
{
public:
  
  Entity2()
  { 
    //在第instance中static T derived 被实例化
	this->var = 20;    
	cout<<"Singleton Constructor"<<endl;    
  }	
  
  int getVar()
  {   
	return this->var;    
  }
	
  void setVar(int var)
  {
	this->var = var;    	
  }
  private:
  int var;//成员变量(用于测试)    
};

int main()
{
  int a = Entity::instance().getVar();
  cout<<a<<endl;
  Entity::instance().setVar(100);  
  a = Entity::instance().getVar(); 
  cout<<a<<endl;
  
  int b = Entity2::instance().getVar();
  cout<<b<<endl;
  Entity2::instance().setVar(200);  
  b = Entity2::instance().getVar(); 
  cout<<b<<endl;
  
  return 1;
}