运算符重载/虚函数/dynamic_cast类型转换

1.基本的运算符重载

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Point{
	int _x, _y;
public:
	Point(int x = 0, int y = 0) :_x(x), _y(y){}
	Point& operator++();
	Point operator++(int);
	Point& operator--();
	Point operator--(int);
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& o, Point& p);
};
Point& Point::operator++() //前置++,左值++i
{
	_x++;
	_y++;
	return *this;  //返回引用
}
Point Point::operator++(int)//后置++,int只是用来区分前缀或后缀
{
	Point temp = *this;
	++*this;  //复用前缀++
	return temp;
}
Point& Point::operator--()
{
	_x--;
	_y--;
	return *this;
}
Point Point::operator--(int)
{
	Point temp = *this;
	--*this;
	return temp;
}
ostream& operator<<(ostream& o, Point& p)
{
	o << "(" << p._x << "," << p._y << ")";
	return o;
}
int main()
{
	Point p(1, 2);
	cout << "p="<<p << endl;
	cout << "p++="<<p++ << endl;
	cout <<"++p="<< ++p << endl;
	cout << "p--="<<p-- << endl;
	cout << "--p="<<--p << endl;
	return 0;
}

运行结果：

2.虚函数

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Vehicle{
public:
	int MaxSpped;
	int Weight;
	void Run(){ cout << "Vehicle run." << endl; }
	void Stop(){ cout << "Vehicle stop." << endl; }
	virtual void Run(){ cout << "Vehicle run." << endl; }
	virtual void Stop(){ cout << "Vehicle stop." << endl; }
};
class Bicycle :virtual public Vehicle{
public:
	int Height;
	void Run(){ cout << "Bicycle run." << endl; }
	void Stop(){ cout << "Bicycle stop." << endl; }
};
class Motorcar :virtual public Vehicle{
public:
	int SeatNum;
	void Run(){ cout << "Motorcar run." << endl; }
	void Stop(){ cout << "Motorcar stop." << endl; }
};
class Motorcycle :public Bicycle, public Motorcar{
public:
	void Run(){ cout << "Motorcycle run." << endl; }
	void Stop(){ cout << "Motorcycle stop." << endl; }
};
int main()
{
	Vehicle v;
	v.Run();
	v.Stop();
	Bicycle b;
	b.Run();
	b.Stop();
	Motorcar m;
	m.Run();
	m.Stop();
	Motorcycle mc;
	mc.Run();
	mc.Stop();
	Vehicle *vp = &v;
	vp->Run();
	vp->Stop();

	vp = &b;
	vp->Run();
	vp->Stop();

	vp = &m;
	vp->Run();
	vp->Stop();

	vp = &mc;
	vp->Run();
	vp->Stop();
	return 0;
}

（1）.基类的Run()和Stop()非Virtual函数，运行结果：

（1）.基类的Run()和Stop()为Virtual函数，运行结果：

虚函数和虚继承不是一回事，虚继承解决的是继承关系中变量冗余的问题，虚函数是解决类对象的多态问题的。

3.

在多态概念中，基类的指针既可以指向基类的对象，又可以指向派生类的对象。我们可以使用dynamic_cast类型转换操作符来判断当前指针（必须是多态类型）是否能够转换成为某个目的类型的指针。

同学们先查找dynamic_cast的使用说明（如http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-time_type_information#dynamic_cast），然后使用该类型转换操作符完成下面程序（该题无输入）。

函数int getVertexCount(Shape * b)计算b的顶点数目，若b指向Shape类型，返回值为0；若b指向Triangle类型，返回值为3；若b指向Rectangle类型，返回值为4。

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Shape{
public:
	Shape() {}
	virtual ~Shape() {}
};

class Triangle : public Shape{
public:
	Triangle() {}
	~Triangle() {}
};

class Rectangle : public Shape {
public:
	Rectangle() {}
	~Rectangle() {}
};

/*用dynamic_cast类型转换操作符完成该函数*/
int getVertexCount(Shape * b){
	
	Rectangle* rectangle = dynamic_cast<Rectangle*>(b);
	if (rectangle != nullptr)
	    return 4;
    Triangle* triangle = dynamic_cast<Triangle*>(b);
    if (triangle != nullptr)
		return 3;
    return 0;
}

int main() {
	Shape s;
	cout << getVertexCount(&s) << endl;
	Triangle t;
	cout << getVertexCount(&t) << endl;
	Rectangle r;
	cout << getVertexCount(&r) << endl;
}

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