10.4.3 材质RGB值和光源RGB值的关系
材质的颜色与光源的颜色有些不同。对于光源,R、G、B值等于R、G、B对其最大强度的百分比。若光源颜色的R、G、B值都是1.0,则是最强的白光;若值变为0.5,颜色仍为白色,但强度为原来的一半,于是表现为灰色;若R=G=1.0,B=0.0,则光源为黄色。对于材质,R、G、B值为材质对光的R、G、B成分的反射率。比如,一种材质的R=1.0、G=0.5、B=0.0,则材质反射全部的红色成分,一半的绿色成分,不反射蓝色成分。也就是说,若OpenGL的光源颜色为(LR、LG、LB),材质颜色为(MR、MG、MB),那么,在忽略所有其他反射效果的情况下,最终到达眼睛的光的颜色为(LR*MR、LG*MG、LB*MB)。
同样,如果有两束光,相应的值分别为(R1、G1、B1)和(R2、G2、B2),则OpenGL将各个颜色成分相加,得到(R1+R2、G1+G2、B1+B2),若任一成分的和值大于1(超出了设备所能显示的亮度)则约简到1.0。下面一例程就说明了二者之间的关系。
例10-4 材质与光源的RGB关系例程(light2.c)
#include "glos.h"
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glaux.h>
void myinit(void);
void CALLBACK myReshape(GLsizei w, GLsizei h);
void CALLBACK display(void);
void myinit(void)
{
GLfloat mat_ambient[]= { 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0 };
GLfloat mat_diffuse[]= { 0.8, 0.0, 0.8, 1.0 };
GLfloat mat_specular[] = { 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
GLfloat mat_shininess[] = { 50.0 };
GLfloat light_diffuse[]= { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0};
GLfloat light_position[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0 };
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, mat_shininess);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light_diffuse);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_position);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
}
void CALLBACK display(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glFlush();
}
void CALLBACK myReshape(GLsizei w, GLsizei h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
if (w <= h)
glOrtho (-1.5, 1.5, -1.5*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, 1.5*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, -10.0, 10.0);
else
glOrtho (-1.5*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, 1.5*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, -1.5, 1.5, -10.0, 10.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
}
void main(void)
{
auxInitDisplayMode (AUX_SINGLE | AUX_RGBA | AUX_DEPTH16);
auxInitPosition (0, 0, 500, 500);
auxInitWindow ("Lighting_2 ");
myinit();
auxReshapeFunc (myReshape);
auxMainLoop(display);
}
以上程序运行结果是一个蓝色的球,其中高光部分仍为上一例的亮紫色。从上可看出,球漫反射光的结果是mat_diffuse[]与light_diffuse[]中的三个颜色分量值相乘,即 (0.0*1.0,0.0*1.0,0.8*1.0,1.0*1.0)=(0.0,0.0,0.8,1.0),所以球大部分呈现蓝色。
图10-4 光照蓝色球(高光为红色) |
10.4.4 材质改变
在实际应用的许多情况下,不同的物体或同一物体的不同部分都有可能设置不同的材质,OpenGL函数库提供了两种方式实现这种要求。下面一例程采用的是设置矩阵堆栈来保存不同物体的材质信息:
例10-5 矩阵堆栈改变材质例程( chgmat1.c)
#include "glos.h"
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <GL/glaux.h>
void myinit(void);
void CALLBACK display(void);
void CALLBACK myReshape(GLsizei w, GLsizei h);
void myinit(void)
{
GLfloat ambient[] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 };
GLfloat diffuse[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
GLfloat specular[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
GLfloat position[] = { 0.0, 3.0, 2.0, 0.0 };
GLfloat lmodel_ambient[] = { 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0 };
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, ambient);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, diffuse);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, position);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glClearColor(0.0, 0.1, 0.1, 0.0);
}
void CALLBACK display(void)
{
GLfloat no_mat[] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 };
GLfloat mat_ambient[] = { 0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0 };
GLfloat mat_ambient_color[] = { 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 1.0 };
GLfloat mat_diffuse[] = { 0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0 };
GLfloat mat_specular[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
GLfloat no_shininess[] = { 0.0 };
GLfloat low_shininess[] = { 5.0 };
GLfloat high_shininess[] = { 100.0 };
GLfloat mat_emission[] = {0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.0};
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (-3.75, 3.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (-1.25, 3.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, low_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (1.25, 3.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, high_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (3.75, 3.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, mat_emission);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (-3.75, 0.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (-1.25, 0.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, low_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (1.25, 0.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, high_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (3.75, 0.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, mat_emission);
auxSolidSphere(1.0); glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (-3.75, -3.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient_color);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (-1.25, -3.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient_color);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, low_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (1.25, -3.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient_color);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, high_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, no_mat);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (3.75, -3.0, 0.0);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat_ambient_color);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, mat_emission);
auxSolidSphere(1.0);
glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
}
void CALLBACK myReshape(GLsizei w, GLsizei h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
if (w <= (h * 2))
glOrtho (-6.0, 6.0, -3.0*((GLfloat)h*2)/(GLfloat)w,
3.0*((GLfloat)h*2)/(GLfloat)w, -10.0, 10.0);
else
glOrtho (-6.0*(GLfloat)w/((GLfloat)h*2),
6.0*(GLfloat)w/((GLfloat)h*2), -3.0, 3.0, -10.0, 10.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
}
void main(void)
{
auxInitDisplayMode (AUX_SINGLE | AUX_RGBA);
auxInitPosition (0, 0, 600, 450);
auxInitWindow ("Material");
myinit();
auxReshapeFunc (myReshape);
auxMainLoop(display);
}
图10-5 多种光和材质的变化效果 |
以上程序运行结果是绘制12个球(3行4列)。第一行的球材质都没有环境反射光,第二行的都有一定的环境反射光,第三行的都有某种颜色的环境光。而第一列的球材质仅有蓝色的漫反射光;第二列的不仅有蓝漫反射光,而且还有镜面反射光,较低的高光;第三列的不仅有蓝漫反射光,而且还有镜面反射光,很亮的高光;第四列的还包括辐射光,但无镜面光。
这个程序运用矩阵堆栈多次调用glMaterialfv()来设置每个球的材质,也就是改变同一场景中的不同物体的颜色。但由于这个函数的应用有个性能开销,因此建议最好尽可能少的改变材质,以减少改变材质时所带来的性能开销,可采用另一种方式即改变材质颜色,相应函数为glColorMaterial(),说明如下:
void glColorMaterial(GLenum face,GLenum mode);
函数参数face指定面,值有GL_FRONT、GL_BACK或GL_FRONT_AND_BACK(缺省值)。mode指定材质成分,值有GL_AMBIENT、GL_DIFFUSE、GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE(缺省值)、GL_SPECULAR或GLEMISSION。
注意:这个函数说明了两个独立的值,第一个参数说明哪一个面和哪些面被修改,而第二个参数说明这些面的哪一个或哪些材质成分要被修改。OpenGL并不为每一种face保持独立的mode变量。在调用glColorMterial()以后,首先需要用GL_COLOR_MATERIAL作为参数调用glEnable()来启动颜色材质,然后在绘图时调用glColor*()来改变当前颜色,或用glMaterial()来改变材质成分。当不用这种方式来改变材质时,可调用glDisable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL)来关闭取消。如下面一段代码:
glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE);
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glColor3f(0.3,0.5,0.7);
glcolor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0);
glDisable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
当需要改变场景中大部分方面的单个材质时,最好调用glColorMaterial();当需要修改不止一个材质参数时,最好调用glMaterial*()。注意,当不需要颜色材质时一定要关闭它,以避免相应的开销。下面来看一个颜色材质的具体应用例子:
例10-6 颜色定义改变材质例程( chgmat2.c)
#include "glos.h"?
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <GL/glaux.h>
void myinit(void);
void CALLBACK myReshape(GLsizei w, GLsizei h);
void CALLBACK display(void);
void myinit(void)
{
GLfloat light_position[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0 };
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_position);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE);
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
}
void CALLBACK display(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glLoadIdentity();
glTranslatef(-0.7,0.0,0.0);
glColor3f(1.0,1.0,0.0);
auxSolidSphere(0.5);
glLoadIdentity();
glRotatef(-65.0,1.0,0.0,0.0);
glTranslatef(0.7,0.0,0.0);
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0);
auxSolidCone(0.4,0.6);
glFlush();
}
void CALLBACK myReshape(GLsizei w, GLsizei h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
if (w <= h)
glOrtho (-1.5, 1.5, -1.5*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, 1.5*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, -10.0, 10.0);
else
glOrtho (-1.5*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, 1.5*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, -1.5, 1.5, -10.0, 10.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
}
void main(void)
{
auxInitDisplayMode (AUX_SINGLE | AUX_RGB | AUX_DEPTH16);
auxInitPosition (0, 0, 500, 500);
auxInitWindow ("ColorMaterial Mode");
myinit();
auxReshapeFunc (myReshape);
auxMainLoop(display);
}
以上程序改变的是漫反射颜色。场景中显示了一个黄色的球和一个红色的锥体。
图10-6 漫反射材质改变 |