原帖 http://www.cnblogs.com/known/archive/2010/09/04/1818231.html
前面提到的操作函数和语句块是传统的面向过程编程,而编写大型程序,通常采用面向对象编程。类和对象是面向对象编程的两个主要方面,类创建一个新类型,而对象是类的实例。Python没有什么值类型与引用类型之分,它把所有事物统统看作是类。类使用class关键字来创建。
1. Self
类的方法与普通的函数只有一个特别的区别——它们必须有一个额外的第一个参数名称,但是在调用这个方法的时候你不为这个参数赋值,Python会提供这个值。这个特别的变量指对象本身,按照惯例它的名称是self。
你一定很奇怪Python如何给self赋值以及为何你不需要给它赋值。举一个例子会使此变得清晰。假如你有一个类称为MyClass和这个类的一个实例MyObject。当你调用这个对象的方法MyObject.method(arg1, arg2)的时候,这会由Python自动转为MyClass.method(MyObject, arg1, arg2)——这就是self的原理了。
2. 类
一个空类:
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class
Person:
pass
#An empty block
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类的使用:
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p
=
Person()
print
(p)
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3. 方法
类/对象可以拥有像函数一样的方法,这些方法与函数的区别只是一个额外的self变量。
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class
Person:
def
sayHi(
self
):
print
(
"Hello, how are you?"
)
p
=
Person()
p.sayHi()
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注意调用sayHi方法时没有任何参数,但仍然在函数定义时有self。
4. __init__方法
在Python的类中有很多方法的名字有特殊的重要意义。像__init__,类似于构造函数。__init__方法在类的一个对象被建立时,马上运行。这个方法可以用来对你的对象做一些你希望的初始化 。注意,这个名称的开始和结尾都是双下划线。
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class
Person:
def
__init__(
self
, name):
self
.name
=
name
def
sayHi(
self
):
print
(
"Hello, my name is"
,
self
.name)
p
=
Person(
"known"
)
p.syaHi()
|
5. 域
Python有两种类型的域——类的变量和对象的变量,它们根据是类还是对象拥有这个变量而区分。
类的变量由一个类的所有对象(实例)共享使用。只有一个类变量的拷贝,所以当某个对象对类的变量做了改动的时候,这个改动会反映到所有其他的实例上。
对象的变量由类的每个对象/实例拥有。因此每个对象有自己对这个域的一份拷贝,即它们不是共享的,在同一个类的不同实例中,虽然对象的变量有相同的名称,但是是互不相关的。
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class
Person:
'''Represnets a person.'''
population
=
0
def
__init__(
self
, name):
'''Initializes the person's data.'''
self
.name
=
name
print
(
"(Initializing %s)"
%
self
.name)
#When this person is created, he/she adds to the population
Person.population
+
=
1
def
__del__(
self
):
'''I am dying.'''
print
(
"%s says bye."
%
self
.name)
Person.population
-
=
1
if
Person.population
=
=
0
:
print
(
"I am the last one."
)
else
:
print
(
"There are still %d people left."
%
Person.population)
def
sayHi(
self
):
'''Greeting by the person.
Really, that's all it does.'''
print
(
"Hi, my name is %s."
%
self
.name)
def
howMany(
self
):
'''Prints the current population.'''
if
Person.population
=
=
1
:
print
(
"I am the only person here."
)
else
:
print
(
"We have %d person here."
%
Person.population)
swaroop
=
Person(
'Swaroop'
)
swaroop.sayHi()
swaroop.howMany()
kalam
=
Person(
'Abdul Kalam'
)
kalam.sayHi()
kalam.howMany()
swaroop.sayHi()
swaroop.howMany()
del
kalam
del
swaroop
|
运行结果:
(Initializing Swaroop)
Hi, my name is Swaroop.
I am the only person here.
(Initializing Abdul Kalam)
Hi, my name is Abdul Kalam.
We have 2 persons here.
Hi, my name is Swaroop.
We have 2 persons here.
Abdul Kalam says bye.
There are still 1 people left.
Swaroop says bye.
I am the last one.
6. 继承
在类名后面跟一对圆括号,基类名写在圆括号内。
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class
SchoolMember:
'''Represents any school member.'''
def
__init__(
self
, name, age):
self
.name
=
name
self
.age
=
age
print
(
"(Initialized SchoolMember: %s)"
%
self
.name)
def
tell(
self
):
'''Tell my details.'''
print
(
"Name:'%s' Age:'%s'"
%
(
self
.name,
self
.age))
class
Teacher(SchoolMember):
'''Represents a teacher.'''
def
__init__(
self
, name, age, salary):
SchoolMember.__init__(
self
, name, age)
self
.salary
=
salary
print
(
"(Initialized Teacher: %s)"
%
self
.name)
def
tell(
self
):
SchoolMember.tell(
self
)
print
(
"Salary: '%d'"
%
self
.salary)
class
Student(SchoolMember):
'''Represents a student.'''
def
__init__(
self
, name, age, marks):
SchoolMember.__init__(
self
, name, age)
self
.marks
=
marks
print
(
"(Initialized Student: %s)"
%
self
.name)
def
tell(
self
):
SchoolMember.tell(
self
)
print
(
"Marks: '%d'"
%
self
.marks)
t
=
Teacher(
"Mrs. Shrividya"
,
40
,
30000
)
s
=
Student(
"Swaroop"
,
22
,
75
)
print
()
# prints a blank line
members
=
[t, s]
for
member
in
members:
member.tell()
# works for both Teachers and Students
|
输出结果:
(Initialized SchoolMember: Mrs. Shrividya)
(Initialized Teacher: Mrs. Shrividya)
(Initialized SchoolMember: Swaroop)
(Initialized Student: Swaroop)
Name:'Mrs. Shrividya' Age:'40' Salary: '30000'
Name:'Swaroop' Age:'22' Marks: '75'