为了做好运维面试路上的助攻手，特整理了上百道 【运维技术栈面试题集锦】 ，让你面试不慌心不跳，高薪offer怀里抱！
这次整理的面试题，小到shell、MySQL，大到K8s等云原生技术栈，不仅适合运维新人入行面试需要，还适用于想提升进阶跳槽加薪的运维朋友。
本份面试集锦涵盖了
- 174 道运维工程师面试题
- 128道k8s面试题
- 108道shell脚本面试题
- 200道Linux面试题
- 51道docker面试题
- 35道Jenkis面试题
- 78道MongoDB面试题
- 17道ansible面试题
- 60道dubbo面试题
- 53道kafka面试
- 18道mysql面试题
- 40道nginx面试题
- 77道redis面试题
- 28道zookeeper
总计 1000+ 道面试题， 内容 又全含金量又高
- 174道运维工程师面试题
1、什么是运维?
2、在工作中，运维人员经常需要跟运营人员打交道，请问运营人员是做什么工作的?
3、现在给你三百台服务器，你怎么对他们进行管理?
4、简述raid0 raid1raid5二种工作模式的工作原理及特点
5、LVS、Nginx、HAproxy有什么区别?工作中你怎么选择?
6、Squid、Varinsh和Nginx有什么区别，工作中你怎么选择?
7、Tomcat和Resin有什么区别，工作中你怎么选择?
8、什么是中间件?什么是jdk?
9、讲述一下Tomcat8005、8009、8080三个端口的含义？
10、什么叫CDN?
11、什么叫网站灰度发布?
12、简述DNS进行域名解析的过程?
13、RabbitMQ是什么东西?
14、讲一下Keepalived的工作原理?
15、讲述一下LVS三种模式的工作过程?
16、mysql的innodb如何定位锁问题，mysql如何减少主从复制延迟?
17、如何重置mysql root密码?
网上学习资料一大堆，但如果学到的知识不成体系，遇到问题时只是浅尝辄止，不再深入研究，那么很难做到真正的技术提升。
一个人可以走的很快，但一群人才能走的更远！不论你是正从事IT行业的老鸟或是对IT行业感兴趣的新人，都欢迎加入我们的的圈子（技术交流、学习资源、职场吐槽、大厂内推、面试辅导），让我们一起学习成长！
sync.acquireShared方法存在于AbstractQueuedSynchronizer类中，
/**
* Acquires in shared mode, ignoring interrupts. Implemented by
* first invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquireShared},
* returning on success. Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
* repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
* #tryAcquireShared} until success.
*
* @param arg the acquire argument. This value is conveyed to
* {@link #tryAcquireShared} but is otherwise uninterpreted
* and can represent anything you like.
*/
public final void acquireShared(int arg) {
if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0) //@1
doAcquireShared(arg); //@2
}
根据常识，具体获取锁的过程在子类中实现，果不其然，tryAcquireShared方法在ReentrantReadWriterLock的Sync类中实现
protected final int tryAcquireShared(int unused) {
/*
* Walkthrough:
* 1. If write lock held by another thread, fail.
* 2. Otherwise, this thread is eligible for
* lock wrt state, so ask if it should block
* because of queue policy. If not, try
* to grant by CASing state and updating count.
* Note that step does not check for reentrant
* acquires, which is postponed to full version
* to avoid having to check hold count in
* the more typical non-reentrant case.
* 3. If step 2 fails either because thread
* apparently not eligible or CAS fails or count
* saturated, chain to version with full retry loop.
*/
Thread current = Thread.currentThread(); //@1 start
int c = getState();
if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0 &&
getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
return -1; // @1 end
int r = sharedCount(c);
if (!readerShouldBlock() &&
r < MAX_COUNT &&
compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) { // @2
if (r == 0) { //@21
firstReader = current;
firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
} else if (firstReader == current) { //@22
firstReaderHoldCount++;
} else { // @23
HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != current.getId())
cachedHoldCounter = rh = readHolds.get();
else if (rh.count == 0)
readHolds.set(rh);
rh.count++;
}
return 1;
}
return fullTryAcquireShared(current); // @3
}
尝试获取共享锁代码解读：
@1 start–end ，如果有线程已经抢占了写锁，并且不是当前线程，则直接返回-1，通过排队获取锁。
@2,如果线程不需要阻塞，并且获取读锁的线程数没有超过最大值，并且使用 CAS更新共享锁线程数量成功的话；表示成获取读锁，然后进行内部变量的相关更新操作；先关注一下，成功获取读锁后，内部变量的更新操作：
@21,如果r=0, 表示，当前线程为第一个获取读锁的线程
@22,如果第一个获取读锁的对象为当前对象，将firstReaderHoldCount 加一
@23，成功获取锁后，如果不是第一个获取多锁的线程，将该线程持有锁的次数信息，放入线程本地变量中，方便在整个请求上下文（请求锁、释放锁等过程中）使用持有锁次数信息。
@3 在讲解代码@3之前，我们先重点分析@2处的第一个条件，是否需要阻塞方法：readerShouldBlock，在具体的子类中，现在查看的是NonfairSync中的方法：
final boolean readerShouldBlock() {
/* As a heuristic to avoid indefinite writer starvation,
* block if the thread that momentarily appears to be head
* of queue, if one exists, is a waiting writer. This is
* only a probabilistic effect since a new reader will not
* block if there is a waiting writer behind other enabled
* readers that have not yet drained from the queue.
*/
return apparentlyFirstQueuedIsExclusive(); //该方法，具体又是在 AbstractQueuedSynchronizer中
}
/**
* Returns {@code true} if the apparent first queued thread, if one
* exists, is waiting in exclusive mode. If this method returns
* {@code true}, and the current thread is attempting to acquire in
* shared mode (that is, this method is invoked from {@link
* #tryAcquireShared}) then it is guaranteed that the current thread
* is not the first queued thread. Used only as a heuristic in
* ReentrantReadWriteLock.
*/
final boolean apparentlyFirstQueuedIsExclusive() {
Node h, s;
return (h = head) != null &&
(s = h.next) != null &&
!s.isShared() &&
s.thread != null;
}
该方法如果头节点不为空，并头节点的下一个节点不为空，并且不是共享模式【独占模式，写锁】、并且线程不为空。则返回true,说明有当前申请读锁的线程占有写锁，并有其他写锁在申请。为什么要判断head节点的下一个节点不为空，或是thread不为空呢？因为第一个节点head节点是当前持有写锁的线程，也就是当前申请读锁的线程，这里，也就是锁降级的关键所在，如果占有的写锁不是当前线程，那线程申请读锁会直接失败。
现在继续回到@3，讲解如果第一次尝试获取读锁失败后，该如何处理。首先，进入该方法的条件如下：
- 没有写锁被占用时，尝试通过一次CAS去获取锁时，更新失败（说明有其他读锁在申请）。
- 当前线程占有写锁，并且没有有其他写锁在当前线程的下一个节点等待获取写锁。；其实如果是这种情况，除非当前线程占有锁的下个线程取消，否则进入fullTryAcquireShared方法也无法获取锁。
/**
* Full version of acquire for reads, that handles CAS misses
* and reentrant reads not dealt with in tryAcquireShared.
*/
final int fullTryAcquireShared(Thread current) {
/*
* This code is in part redundant with that in
* tryAcquireShared but is simpler overall by not
* complicating tryAcquireShared with interactions between
* retries and lazily reading hold counts.
*/
HoldCounter rh = null;
for (;;) {
int c = getState();
if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0) { //@31
if (getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
return -1;
// else we hold the exclusive lock; blocking here
// would cause deadlock.
} else if (readerShouldBlock()) { //@32
// Make sure we're not acquiring read lock reentrantly
if (firstReader == current) { //@33
// assert firstReaderHoldCount > 0;
} else { //@34
if (rh == null) {
rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != current.getId()) {
rh = readHolds.get();
if (rh.count == 0)
readHolds.remove();
}
}
if (rh.count == 0)
return -1;
}
}
if (sharedCount(c) == MAX_COUNT)
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
if (compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) { // @35
if (sharedCount(c) == 0) {
firstReader = current;
firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
} else if (firstReader == current) {
firstReaderHoldCount++;
} else {
if (rh == null)
rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != current.getId())
rh = readHolds.get();
else if (rh.count == 0)
readHolds.set(rh);
rh.count++;
cachedHoldCounter = rh; // cache for release
}
return 1;
}
}
}
代码@31,首先再次判断，如果当前线程不是写锁的持有者，直接返回-1，结束尝试获取读锁，需要排队去申请读锁。
代码@32，如果需要阻塞，说明除了当前线程持有写锁外，还有其他线程已经排队在申请写锁，故，即使申请读锁的线程已经持有写锁（写锁内部再次申请读锁，俗称锁降级）还是会失败，因为有其他线程也在申请写锁，此时，只能结束本次申请读锁的请求，转而去排队，否则，将造成死锁。代码@34，就是从readHolds中移除当前线程的持有数，然后返回-1，结束尝试获取锁步骤（结束tryAcquireShared 方法）然后去排队获取。
代码@33，因为，如果当前线程是第一个获取了写锁，那其他线程无法申请写锁（该部分在分析完，读写锁的队列机制后，才回来做更详细的解答。）
代码@35,表示成功获取读锁，后续就是更新readHolds等内部变量，该部分在上文中已有讲解。如果是通过@35尝试获取锁成功，这就是写锁内部–》再次申请读锁（锁降级）的原理。
至此，完成尝试获取锁步骤 tryAcquireShared 方法，我们再次回到 acquireShared，如果返回-1,那么需要排队申请,具体请看 doAcquireShared(arg);
public final void acquireShared(int arg) {
if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0) //@1
doAcquireShared(arg); //@2
}
/**
* Acquires in shared uninterruptible mode.
* @param arg the acquire argument
*/
private void doAcquireShared(int arg) {
final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED); //@1
boolean failed = true;
try {
boolean interrupted = false;
for (;;) { // @2,开始自旋重试
final Node p = node.predecessor(); // @3
if (p == head) { // @4
int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
if (r >= 0) {
setHeadAndPropagate(node, r); //@5
p.next = null; // help GC
if (interrupted)
selfInterrupt();
failed = false;
return;
}
}
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
parkAndCheckInterrupt()) // @6
interrupted = true;
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}
获取共享锁解读：
代码@1，在队列尾部增加一个节点。锁模式为共享模式。
代码@3，获取该节点的前置节点。
代码@4，如果该节点的前置节点为head(头部)，为什么前置节点是head时，可以再次尝试呢？在讲解ReentrantLock时，也讲过，head节点的初始化在第一次产生锁争用时初始化，刚开始初始化的head节点是不代表线程的，故可以尝试获取锁。如果获取失败，则将进入到shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire和parkAndCheckInterrupt方法中，线程阻塞，等待被唤醒。
重点分析一下获取锁后的操作：setHeadAndPropagate
/**
* Sets head of queue, and checks if successor may be waiting
* in shared mode, if so propagating if either propagate > 0 or
* PROPAGATE status was set.
*
* @param node the node
* @param propagate the return value from a tryAcquireShared
*/
private void setHeadAndPropagate(Node node, int propagate) {
Node h = head; // Record old head for check below
setHead(node);
/*
* Try to signal next queued node if:
* Propagation was indicated by caller,
* or was recorded (as h.waitStatus) by a previous operation
* (note: this uses sign-check of waitStatus because
* PROPAGATE status may transition to SIGNAL.)
* and
* The next node is waiting in shared mode,
* or we don't know, because it appears null
*
* The conservatism in both of these checks may cause
* unnecessary wake-ups, but only when there are multiple
* racing acquires/releases, so most need signals now or soon
* anyway.
*/
if (propagate > 0 || h == null || h.waitStatus < 0) { // @1
Node s = node.next;
if (s == null || s.isShared()) // @2
doReleaseShared(); //@3
}
}
/**
* Sets head of queue to be node, thus dequeuing. Called only by
* acquire methods. Also nulls out unused fields for sake of GC
* and to suppress unnecessary signals and traversals.
*
* @param node the node
*/
private void setHead(Node node) {
head = node;
node.thread = null;
node.prev = null;
}
/**
* Release action for shared mode -- signal successor and ensure
* propagation. (Note: For exclusive mode, release just amounts
* to calling unparkSuccessor of head if it needs signal.)
*/
private void doReleaseShared() {
/*
* Ensure that a release propagates, even if there are other
* in-progress acquires/releases. This proceeds in the usual
* way of trying to unparkSuccessor of head if it needs
* signal. But if it does not, status is set to PROPAGATE to
* ensure that upon release, propagation continues.
* Additionally, we must loop in case a new node is added
* while we are doing this. Also, unlike other uses of
* unparkSuccessor, we need to know if CAS to reset status
* fails, if so rechecking.
*/
for (;;) {
Node h = head;
if (h != null && h != tail) { //@4
int ws = h.waitStatus;
if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) { //@5
if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
continue; // loop to recheck cases
unparkSuccessor(h);
}
else if (ws == 0 &&
!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE)) //@6
continue; // loop on failed CAS
}
if (h == head) // loop if head changed //@7
break;
}
}
释放共享锁的步骤：
代码@1,如果读锁（共享锁）获取成功，或头部节点为空，或头节点取消，或刚获取读锁的线程的下一个节点为空，或在节点的下个节点也在申请读锁，则在CLH队列中传播下去唤醒线程，怎么理解这个传播呢，就是只要获取成功到读锁，那就要传播到下一个节点（如果一下个节点继续是读锁的申请，只要成功获取，就再下一个节点，直到队列尾部或为写锁的申请，停止传播）。具体请看doReleaseShared方法。
代码@4，从队列的头部开始遍历每一个节点。
代码@5，如果节点状态为 Node.SIGNAL,将状态设置为0，设置成功，唤醒线程。为什么会设置不成功，可能改节点被取消；还有一种情况就是有多个线程在运行该代码段，这就是PROPAGATE的含义吧，传播，请看代码@7的理解。
代码@6，如果状态为0，则设置为Node.PROPAGATE，设置为传播，该值然后会在什么时候变化呢？在判断该节点的下一个节点是否需要阻塞时，会判断，如果状态不是Node.SIGNAL或取消状态，为了保险起见，会将前置节点状态设置为Node.SIGNAL，然后再次判断，是否需要阻塞。
代码@7，如果处理过一次 unparkSuccessor 方法后，头节点没有发生变化，就退出该方法，那head在什么时候会改变呢？当然在是抢占锁成功的时候，head节点代表获取锁的节点。一旦获取锁成功，则又会进入setHeadAndPropagate方法，当然又会触发doReleaseShared方法，传播特性应该就是表现在这里吧。再想一下，同一时间，可以有多个多线程占有锁，那在锁释放时，写锁的释放比较简单，就是从头部节点下的第一个非取消节点，唤醒线程即可，为了在释放读锁的上下文环境中获取代表读锁的线程，将信息存入在 readHolds ThreadLocal变量中。
到这里为止，读锁的申请就讲解完毕了，先给出如下流程图：
尝试获取读锁过程
从队列中获取读锁的流程如下：
2.1.2 ReadLock 的 unlock方法详解
public void unlock() {
sync.releaseShared(1);
}
//AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的 realseShared方法
public final boolean releaseShared(int arg) {
if (tryReleaseShared(arg)) {
doReleaseShared();
return true;
}
return false;
}
// ReentrantReadWriterLock.Sync tryReleaseShared
protected final boolean tryReleaseShared(int unused) {
Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
if (firstReader == current) { // @1 start
// assert firstReaderHoldCount > 0;
if (firstReaderHoldCount == 1)
firstReader = null;
else
firstReaderHoldCount--;
} else {
HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != current.getId())
rh = readHolds.get();
int count = rh.count;
if (count <= 1) {
readHolds.remove();
if (count <= 0)
throw unmatchedUnlockException();
}
--rh.count; // @1 end
}
for (;;) { // @2
int c = getState();
int nextc = c - SHARED_UNIT;
if (compareAndSetState(c, nextc))
// Releasing the read lock has no effect on readers,
// but it may allow waiting writers to proceed if
// both read and write locks are now free.
return nextc == 0;
}
}
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的doReleaseShared
/**
* Release action for shared mode -- signal successor and ensure
* propagation. (Note: For exclusive mode, release just amounts
* to calling unparkSuccessor of head if it needs signal.)
*/
private void doReleaseShared() {
/*
* Ensure that a release propagates, even if there are other
* in-progress acquires/releases. This proceeds in the usual
* way of trying to unparkSuccessor of head if it needs
* signal. But if it does not, status is set to PROPAGATE to
* ensure that upon release, propagation continues.
* Additionally, we must loop in case a new node is added
* while we are doing this. Also, unlike other uses of
* unparkSuccessor, we need to know if CAS to reset status
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**网上学习资料一大堆，但如果学到的知识不成体系，遇到问题时只是浅尝辄止，不再深入研究，那么很难做到真正的技术提升。**
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**一个人可以走的很快，但一群人才能走的更远！不论你是正从事IT行业的老鸟或是对IT行业感兴趣的新人，都欢迎加入我们的的圈子（技术交流、学习资源、职场吐槽、大厂内推、面试辅导），让我们一起学习成长！**
need to know if CAS to reset status
### 最后的话
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**如果本文对你有帮助，欢迎点赞、收藏、转发给朋友，让我有持续创作的动力！**
**网上学习资料一大堆，但如果学到的知识不成体系，遇到问题时只是浅尝辄止，不再深入研究，那么很难做到真正的技术提升。**
**[需要这份系统化的资料的朋友，可以点击这里获取！](https://bbs.csdn.net/topics/618542503)**
**一个人可以走的很快，但一群人才能走的更远！不论你是正从事IT行业的老鸟或是对IT行业感兴趣的新人，都欢迎加入我们的的圈子（技术交流、学习资源、职场吐槽、大厂内推、面试辅导），让我们一起学习成长！**
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