STM32的ADC转换（普通模式）_the adc to operate in independent or multimode-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/ABCisCOOL/article/details/115164430

本文介绍了STM32的ADC转换原理，包括模数转换器的定义、PCM编码过程、模拟信号与数字信号的区别，以及STM32 ADC的常用库函数配置，如初始化、通道配置、软件转换启动和数据读取。同时，提到了STM32F4 ADC的分辨率与精度，并给出了测量结果转化为电压值的方法。最后，建议通过调整可调电阻和ADC获取电压来控制PWM占空比，以实践操作。

摘要生成于 C知道，由 DeepSeek-R1 满血版支持，前往体验 >

一、ADC，模拟数字转换器

1、定义

ADC(Analog to Digital Converter) ：模数变换器；简称“模数转换器”，把模拟量转换为数字量的装置。
在计算机控制系统中，须经各种检测装置，以连续变化的电压或电流作为模拟量，随时提供被控制对象的有关参数（如速度、压力、温度等）而进行控制。计算机的输入必须是数字量，故需用模数转换器达到控制目的，过程有抽样、量化、编码（PCM编码，脉冲编码调制）。

其次简单介绍一下PCM编码：
（1）抽样:就是对模拟信号进行周期性扫描，把时间上连续的信号变成时间上离散的信号。该模拟信号经过抽样后述应当包含原信号中所有信息，也就是说能无失真的恢复原模拟信号。
（2）量化:就是把经过抽样得到的瞬时值将其幅度离散，即用一组规定的电平，把瞬时抽样值用最接近的电平值来表示,通常是用二进制表示。
（3）编码:就是用一组二进制码组来表示每一个有固定电平的量化值。然而，实际上量化是在编码过程中同时完成的，故编码过程也称为模/数变换，可记作A/D。
在这里插入图片描述

2、模拟信号

模拟信号是指用连续变化的物理量表示的信息，其信号的幅度，或频率，或相位随时间作连续变化，如目前广播的声音信号，或图像信号等。抓重点，连续的，如正弦波。

3、数字信号

数字信号指幅度的取值是离散的，幅值表示被限制在有限个数值之内。
二进制码就是一种数字信号。二进制码受噪声的影响小，易于有数字电路进行处理，所以得到了广泛的应用。抓重点，离散的，但在示波器中的方波一般指的是数字信号，把竖线去掉就是离散的了。

4、常用库函数

a.根据ADC_CommonInitTypeDef结构体，初始化ADC外设指定的参数（容易被忽略）

typedef struct 
{
   
  uint32_t ADC_Mode;                      /*!< Configures the ADC to operate in 
                                               independent or multi mode. 
                                               This parameter can be a value of @ref ADC_Common_mode */                                              
  uint32_t ADC_Prescaler;                 /*!< Select the frequency of the clock 
                                               to the ADC. The clock is common for all the ADCs.
                                               This parameter can be a value of @ref ADC_Prescaler */
  uint32_t ADC_DMAAccessMode;             /*!< Configures the Direct memory access 
                                              mode for multi ADC mode.
                                               This parameter can be a value of 
                                               @ref ADC_Direct_memory_access_mode_for_multi_mode */
  uint32_t ADC_TwoSamplingDelay;          /*!< Configures the Delay between 2 sampling phases.
                                               This parameter can be a value of 
                                               @ref ADC_delay_between_2_sampling_phases */
  
}ADC_CommonInitTypeDef;

@param ADC_CommonInitStruct: pointer to an ADC_CommonInitTypeDef structure that contains the configuration information for All ADCs peripherals.

void ADC_CommonInit(ADC_CommonInitTypeDef* ADC_CommonInitStruct)

b.根据ADC_InitTypeDef结构体，初始化ADC外设指定的参数

typedef struct
{
   
  uint32_t ADC_Resolution;                /*!< Configures the ADC resolution dual mode. 
                                               This parameter can be a value of @ref ADC_resolution */                                   
  FunctionalState ADC_ScanConvMode;       /*!< Specifies whether the conversion 
                                               is performed in Scan (multichannels) 
                                               or Single (one channel) mode.
                                               This parameter can be set to ENABLE or DISABLE */ 
  FunctionalState ADC_ContinuousConvMode; /*!< Specifies whether the conversion 
                                               is performed in Continuous or Single mode.
                                               This parameter can be set to ENABLE or DISABLE. */
  uint32_t ADC_ExternalTrigConvEdge;      /*!< Select the external trigger edge and
                                               enable the trigger of a regular group. 
                                               This parameter can be a value of 
                                               @ref ADC_external_trigger_edge_for_regular_channels_conversion */
  uint32_t ADC_ExternalTrigConv;          /*!< Select the external event used to trigger 
                                               the start of conversion of a regular group.
                                               This parameter can be a value of 
                                               @ref ADC_extrenal_trigger_sources_for_regular_channels_conversion */
  uint32_t ADC_DataAlign;                 /*!< Specifies whether the ADC data  alignment
                                               is left or right. This parameter can be 
                                               a value of @ref ADC_data_align */
  uint8_t  ADC_NbrOfConversion;           /*!< Specifies the number of ADC conversions
                                               that will be done using the sequencer for
                                               regular channel group.
                                               This parameter must range from 1 to 16. */
}ADC_InitTypeDef;

@brief Initializes the ADCx peripheral according to the specified parameters in the ADC_InitStruct.
@note This function is used to configure the global features of the ADC ( Resolution and Data Alignment), however, the rest of the configuration
parameters are specific to the regular channels group (scan mode activation, continuous mode activation, External trigger source and edge, number of conversion in the regular channels group sequencer).

@param  ADCx: where x can be 1, 2 or 3 to select the ADC peripheral.

@param ADC_InitStruct: pointer to an ADC_InitTypeDef structure that contains the configuration information for the specified ADC peripheral.

void ADC_Init(ADC_TypeDef* ADCx, ADC_InitTypeDef* ADC_InitStruct)

c.为选定的ADC常规通道进行配置

@brief Configures for the selected ADC regular channel its corresponding rank in the sequencer and its sample time.
@param ADCx: where x can be 1, 2 or 3 to select the ADC peripheral.
@param ADC_Channel: the ADC channel to configure.
This parameter can be one of the following values:

       @arg ADC_Channel_0~~~~~~arg ADC_Channel_18

@param Rank: The rank in the regular group sequencer.

        This parameter must be between 1 to 16.

@param ADC_SampleTime: The sample time value to be set for the selected channel.
This parameter can be one of the following values:

       @arg ADC_SampleTime_3Cycles: Sample time equal to 3 cycles

       @arg ADC_SampleTime_15Cycles: Sample time equal to 15 cycles

       @arg ADC_SampleTime_28Cycles: Sample time equal to 28 cycles

       @arg ADC_SampleTime_56Cycles: Sample time equal to 56 cycles

       @arg ADC_SampleTime_84Cycles: Sample time equal to 84 cycles

       @arg ADC_SampleTime_112Cycles: Sample time equal to 112 cycles

       @arg ADC_SampleTime_144Cycles: Sample time equal to 144 cycles

       @arg ADC_SampleTime_480Cycles: Sample time equal to 480 cycles

void ADC_RegularChannelConfig(ADC_TypeDef* ADCx, uint8_t ADC_Channel, uint8_t Rank, uint8_t ADC_SampleTime)

例如是42MHZ,3cycle采集一次，那么时间就是3*1/42Mhz=0.07us，即三个ADC时钟的时间

d.使能指定的ADC的软件转换启动功能

@param ADCx: where x