[csuoj 2078 查找第k大] O(n)算法求第k大/中位数

[csuoj 2078 查找第k大] O(n)算法求第k大/中位数

分类:quick sort

1. 题目链接

[csuoj 2078 查找第k大]

2. 题意描述

小W有很强的好胜心,也有很明确的目标,总是希望当第k名,但是小W太菜了,经常达不到目标,于是他每次考试后都想知道第k名的分数是多少,然后以它为目标。 现在给出了每个人的分数,请求编程能力很强的你帮他迅速找到第k名的分数为多少,这样他才有更多的时间去学习。

输入数据
第一行为一个正整数 t t 代表有t组数据。每组数据第一行为两个正整数 n n k,第二行为n个正整数。 1kn107 1 ≤ k   ≤ n   ≤ 10 7
Output
对于每组数据,输出第 k k 大的数。

3. 解题思路

利用快排思路进行划分。将小于基准的数放在该数前面,大于基准的数放在该数后面。设划分后,基准前面的数为cntlt,基准后面的数为 cntgt c n t g t
然后,就可以判断出来第 k k 大的数在哪个区间。

  • 如果cntgt>=k,那么第 k k 大数在后面这个区间,继续对后面这个区间划分,求第k大;
  • 如果cntgt+1==k,那么基准数就是第 k k 大数;
  • 否则,第k大数在前面这个区间,那么对前面的区间求一个第 k(cntgt+1) k − ( c n t g t + 1 ) 大数。

    期望复杂度就是:
    T(n)=T(n2)+O(n)=O(n+n2+n4+)O(2n) T ( n ) = T ( n 2 ) + O ( n ) = O ( n + n 2 + n 4 + … ) ≤ O ( 2 n )
    同理,可用这种方法求中位数。

    本题输入数据很大,加个读入挂才可以过。

    4. 实现代码

    #include <cmath>
    #include <ctime>
    #include <queue>
    #include <cstdio>
    #include <string>
    #include <cassert>
    #include <cstring>
    #include <iostream>
    #include <algorithm>
    using namespace std;
    
    typedef pair<int, int> pii;
    typedef pair<int, int> pll;
    
    const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;
    
    template<typename T> inline void umax(T &a, T b) { a = max(a, b); }
    template<typename T> inline void umin(T &a, T b) { a = min(a, b); }
    void debug() { cout << endl; }
    template<typename T, typename ...R> void debug (T f, R ...r) { cout << "[" << f << "]"; debug (r...); }
    
    const int MAXN = 1e7 + 5;
    int n, k;
    int a[MAXN];
    
    namespace fastIO{
        #define BUF_SIZE 100000
        #define OUT_SIZE 100000
        #define ll long long
        //fread->read
        bool IOerror=0;
        inline char nc(){
            static char buf[BUF_SIZE],*p1=buf+BUF_SIZE,*pend=buf+BUF_SIZE;
            if (p1==pend){
                p1=buf; pend=buf+fread(buf,1,BUF_SIZE,stdin);
                if (pend==p1){IOerror=1;return -1;}
                //{printf("IO error!\n");system("pause");for (;;);exit(0);}
            }
            return *p1++;
        }
        inline bool blank(char ch){return ch==' '||ch=='\n'||ch=='\r'||ch=='\t';}
        inline void read(int &x){
            bool sign=0; char ch=nc(); x=0;
            for (;blank(ch);ch=nc());
            if (IOerror)return;
            if (ch=='-')sign=1,ch=nc();
            for (;ch>='0'&&ch<='9';ch=nc())x=x*10+ch-'0';
            if (sign)x=-x;
        }
        inline void read(ll &x){
            bool sign=0; char ch=nc(); x=0;
            for (;blank(ch);ch=nc());
            if (IOerror)return;
            if (ch=='-')sign=1,ch=nc();
            for (;ch>='0'&&ch<='9';ch=nc())x=x*10+ch-'0';
            if (sign)x=-x;
        }
        inline void read(double &x){
            bool sign=0; char ch=nc(); x=0;
            for (;blank(ch);ch=nc());
            if (IOerror)return;
            if (ch=='-')sign=1,ch=nc();
            for (;ch>='0'&&ch<='9';ch=nc())x=x*10+ch-'0';
            if (ch=='.'){
                double tmp=1; ch=nc();
                for (;ch>='0'&&ch<='9';ch=nc())tmp/=10.0,x+=tmp*(ch-'0');
            }
            if (sign)x=-x;
        }
        inline void read(char *s){
            char ch=nc();
            for (;blank(ch);ch=nc());
            if (IOerror)return;
            for (;!blank(ch)&&!IOerror;ch=nc())*s++=ch;
            *s=0;
        }
        inline void read(char &c){
            for (c=nc();blank(c);c=nc());
            if (IOerror){c=-1;return;}
        }
        //getchar->read
        inline void read1(int &x){
            char ch;int bo=0;x=0;
            for (ch=getchar();ch<'0'||ch>'9';ch=getchar())if (ch=='-')bo=1;
            for (;ch>='0'&&ch<='9';x=x*10+ch-'0',ch=getchar());
            if (bo)x=-x;
        }
        inline void read1(ll &x){
            char ch;int bo=0;x=0;
            for (ch=getchar();ch<'0'||ch>'9';ch=getchar())if (ch=='-')bo=1;
            for (;ch>='0'&&ch<='9';x=x*10+ch-'0',ch=getchar());
            if (bo)x=-x;
        }
        inline void read1(double &x){
            char ch;int bo=0;x=0;
            for (ch=getchar();ch<'0'||ch>'9';ch=getchar())if (ch=='-')bo=1;
            for (;ch>='0'&&ch<='9';x=x*10+ch-'0',ch=getchar());
            if (ch=='.'){
                double tmp=1;
                for (ch=getchar();ch>='0'&&ch<='9';tmp/=10.0,x+=tmp*(ch-'0'),ch=getchar());
            }
            if (bo)x=-x;
        }
        inline void read1(char *s){
            char ch=getchar();
            for (;blank(ch);ch=getchar());
            for (;!blank(ch);ch=getchar())*s++=ch;
            *s=0;
        }
        inline void read1(char &c){for (c=getchar();blank(c);c=getchar());}
        //scanf->read
        inline void read2(int &x){scanf("%d",&x);}
        inline void read2(ll &x){
            #ifdef _WIN32
                scanf("%I64d",&x);
            #else
            #ifdef __linux
                scanf("%lld",&x);
            #else
                puts("error:can't recognize the system!");
            #endif
            #endif
        }
        inline void read2(double &x){scanf("%lf",&x);}
        inline void read2(char *s){scanf("%s",s);}
        inline void read2(char &c){scanf(" %c",&c);}
        inline void readln2(char *s){gets(s);}
        //fwrite->write
        struct Ostream_fwrite{
            char *buf,*p1,*pend;
            Ostream_fwrite(){buf=new char[BUF_SIZE];p1=buf;pend=buf+BUF_SIZE;}
            void out(char ch){
                if (p1==pend){
                    fwrite(buf,1,BUF_SIZE,stdout);p1=buf;
                }
                *p1++=ch;
            }
            void print(int x){
                static char s[15],*s1;s1=s;
                if (!x)*s1++='0';if (x<0)out('-'),x=-x;
                while(x)*s1++=x%10+'0',x/=10;
                while(s1--!=s)out(*s1);
            }
            void println(int x){
                static char s[15],*s1;s1=s;
                if (!x)*s1++='0';if (x<0)out('-'),x=-x;
                while(x)*s1++=x%10+'0',x/=10;
                while(s1--!=s)out(*s1); out('\n');
            }
            void print(ll x){
                static char s[25],*s1;s1=s;
                if (!x)*s1++='0';if (x<0)out('-'),x=-x;
                while(x)*s1++=x%10+'0',x/=10;
                while(s1--!=s)out(*s1);
            }
            void println(ll x){
                static char s[25],*s1;s1=s;
                if (!x)*s1++='0';if (x<0)out('-'),x=-x;
                while(x)*s1++=x%10+'0',x/=10;
                while(s1--!=s)out(*s1); out('\n');
            }
            void print(double x,int y){
                static ll mul[]={1,10,100,1000,10000,100000,1000000,10000000,100000000,
                    1000000000,10000000000LL,100000000000LL,1000000000000LL,10000000000000LL,
                    100000000000000LL,1000000000000000LL,10000000000000000LL,100000000000000000LL};
                if (x<-1e-12)out('-'),x=-x;x*=mul[y];
                ll x1=(ll)floor(x); if (x-floor(x)>=0.5)++x1;
                ll x2=x1/mul[y],x3=x1-x2*mul[y]; print(x2);
                if (y>0){out('.'); for (size_t i=1;i<y&&x3*mul[i]<mul[y];out('0'),++i); print(x3);}
            }
            void println(double x,int y){print(x,y);out('\n');}
            void print(char *s){while (*s)out(*s++);}
            void println(char *s){while (*s)out(*s++);out('\n');}
            void flush(){if (p1!=buf){fwrite(buf,1,p1-buf,stdout);p1=buf;}}
            ~Ostream_fwrite(){flush();}
        }Ostream;
        inline void print(int x){Ostream.print(x);}
        inline void println(int x){Ostream.println(x);}
        inline void print(char x){Ostream.out(x);}
        inline void println(char x){Ostream.out(x);Ostream.out('\n');}
        inline void print(ll x){Ostream.print(x);}
        inline void println(ll x){Ostream.println(x);}
        inline void print(double x,int y){Ostream.print(x,y);}
        inline void println(double x,int y){Ostream.println(x,y);}
        inline void print(char *s){Ostream.print(s);}
        inline void println(char *s){Ostream.println(s);}
        inline void println(){Ostream.out('\n');}
        inline void flush(){Ostream.flush();}
        //puts->write
        char Out[OUT_SIZE],*o=Out;
        inline void print1(int x){
            static char buf[15];
            char *p1=buf;if (!x)*p1++='0';if (x<0)*o++='-',x=-x;
            while(x)*p1++=x%10+'0',x/=10;
            while(p1--!=buf)*o++=*p1;
        }
        inline void println1(int x){print1(x);*o++='\n';}
        inline void print1(ll x){
            static char buf[25];
            char *p1=buf;if (!x)*p1++='0';if (x<0)*o++='-',x=-x;
            while(x)*p1++=x%10+'0',x/=10;
            while(p1--!=buf)*o++=*p1;
        }
        inline void println1(ll x){print1(x);*o++='\n';}
        inline void print1(char c){*o++=c;}
        inline void println1(char c){*o++=c;*o++='\n';}
        inline void print1(char *s){while (*s)*o++=*s++;}
        inline void println1(char *s){print1(s);*o++='\n';}
        inline void println1(){*o++='\n';}
        inline void flush1(){if (o!=Out){if (*(o-1)=='\n')*--o=0;puts(Out);}}
        struct puts_write{
            ~puts_write(){flush1();}
        }_puts;
        inline void print2(int x){printf("%d",x);}
        inline void println2(int x){printf("%d\n",x);}
        inline void print2(char x){printf("%c",x);}
        inline void println2(char x){printf("%c\n",x);}
        inline void print2(ll x){
            #ifdef _WIN32
                printf("%I64d",x);
            #else
            #ifdef __linux
                printf("%lld",x);
            #else
                puts("error:can't recognize the system!");
            #endif
            #endif
        }
        inline void println2(ll x){print2(x);printf("\n");}
        inline void println2(){printf("\n");}
        #undef ll
        #undef OUT_SIZE
        #undef BUF_SIZE
    };
    using namespace fastIO;
    
    int partation(int le, int ri) {
        int x = a[le];
        while (le < ri) {
            while (le < ri && a[ri] >= x) ri--;
            a[le] = a[ri];
            while (le < ri && a[le] <= x) le++;
            a[ri] = a[le];
        }
        a[le] = x;
        return le;
    }
    
    int kth(int le, int ri, int k) {
        if (le == ri) return a[le];
        int p = partation(le, ri);
        if (k == ri - p + 1) return a[p];
        else if (k < ri - p + 1) return kth(p + 1, ri, k);
        else return kth(le, p - 1, k - (ri - p + 1));
    }
    
    int main() {
    #ifdef __LOCAL_WONZY__
        freopen("input.txt", "r", stdin);
    #endif // __LOCAL_WONZY__
        int t;
        //scanf("%d", &t);
        read(t);
        while (t --) {
            //scanf("%d %d", &n, &k);
            read(n);
            read(k);
            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) read(a[i]);
            int ans = kth(0, n - 1, k);
            printf("%d\n", ans);
            //nth_element(a, a + n - k, a + n); 
            //printf("%d\n", a[n - k]);
        }
    #ifdef ___LOCAL_WONZY___
        cout << "Time elapsed: " << 1.0 * clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC * 1000 << "ms." << endl;
    #endif // ___LOCAL_WONZY___
        return 0;
    }
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