THESEUS-FE | 乘员热舒适性仿真分析与优化

Thermal comfort of passengers in cars, planes, buses and trains is getting more and more important.

汽车、飞机、公交车和火车上的乘员热舒适性话题受到越来越多的关注。

On the one hand it is an important selling point for mid-class and upper-class cars. On the other hand, it is generally a fundamental aspect for customer satisfaction in any mode of transportation. 

怡人的热舒适性感受是中高档汽车的卖点配置。此外，无论选择哪种交通方式，舒适的舱内温度感受通常都是客户满意度的基础标准。

New ways of improving the comfort within passenger compartments are constantly being researched. Specialized materials and coatings are checked for their suitability in reducing the negative effect of extreme environmental conditions. 

提高客舱内舒适性的新方法正在被不断研究。对特殊材料和涂层进行检测，以确定其是否能够减缓极端环境条件带来的不利影响。

 乘员舱热环境模拟

Examining their impact on the thermal conditions within a passenger cabin by simulation drastically reduces the costs when compared to physical experiments. The time necessary to test different variants is considerably reduced as well.

与物理实验相比，通过仿真分析其对乘员舱内环境的影响可大幅降低成本，同时，也可显著减少测试不同热边界所需的时间。

Determining the thermal conditions within passenger compartments is one thing. The other one is to combine these with the thermophysical sensation of a human being to get feedback about the sensed comfort level. 

确定客舱内的热边界条件是一方面，另一方面是将这些数据与人体热生理感受结合起来，以获得关于乘员舒适度感知的反馈。

With the thermal manikin FIALA-FE we offer a widely acclaimed virtual human thermal model based on the doctoral thesis by Dr. Dusan Fiala. This model allows detailed analysis of the comfort sensation of human passengers.

基于Dusan Fiala博士的博士论文，我们研发出一套业内广受赞誉的假人热模型——FIALA-FE 模型。该模型可支持针对乘员舱的舒适感进行详细的分析。

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乘员热舒适性评级 Rating Thermal Comfort of Passengers

 

身体活动水平 Physical activity level

Every human generates internal heat. In a simulation the amount of heat generated is lumped into a quantity called "activity level". The activity level can be thought of as an index of the intensitiy of work or action performed by the subject. 

每个人都会产生内热。在模拟中，人体产生的热量集中体现为"活动水平”。活动水平可以被认为是主体所做工作或行动强度的指标。

典型活动及其代谢当量（MET） 

Its unit is the MET, the Metabolic Equivalent of Task. It is normed such that the basal activity level in resting state lies between 0.8 and 1.0 MET. For heavy physical work and normal sports activities, values up to 10 met are reached. Within a car cabin simulation, typically one specifies a value of 1.2 MET for the driver and 1.0 MET for other passengers.

它的单位是MET，指活动代谢等量。正常情况下，静止状态下的基础活动水平在0.8~1.0 MET之间。繁重的体力劳动和常见的体育活动可能高达10 MET。在乘员舱模拟中，通常指定司机的活动当量为1.2 MET，其他乘员指定数值为1.0 MET。

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着装影响 Locating Influence of Clothing

The human body together with its surroundings can be viewed as a thermal system. Depending on the worn clothing, a human body is insulated from the surroundings at different rates. Essential for the insulation effect are thin layers of air encased within the clothing layers. In contrast to solid materials such as wool or any other fabric, air is a very bad conductor of heat and thus leads to high insulation values. 

人体及其周围的环境可以被看作是一个热力系统。穿着不同的衣服，人体与周围环境的绝热程度也不同。隔热效果的关键是衣服之间薄薄的空气层。与羊毛或任何其他织物类的固体材料不同，空气是非常差的导热材料，因此会有比较高的绝热效率。

 

It has to be considered that this encased air is squeezed out in contact areas, e.g. when a person sits down onto a seat. This translates into reduced clothing insulation effect in contact areas such as the seat. On the other hand, the seat itself can be considered as a virtual additional clothing layer. In extreme cases the insulation of the contact area is so effective that no heat is dissipated from the human body at all, ultimately leading to sweating of the person sitting on the seat.

必须要考虑到的是，这种被包裹的空气层是与接触区域挤出后形成。例如，当一个人坐在座位上的时候，人体与座椅等接触区域的衣物绝热效果会降低。另一方面，座椅本身可以被认为是一个虚拟的额外服装层。在极端情况下，接触区域的绝热性极高，人体无法向外散热，最终导致座椅上的人出汗。

THESEUS‑FE allows its users to freely change the virtual human's clothing. Typical compositions representing a summer and winter outfit come shipped with the software and are ready-to-use.

THESEUS‑FE 允许用户自由地改变假人的衣物，软件已内置夏季和冬季的典型衣物组合，并支持随时调用。

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短期及长期热舒适性  Short-term and Long-term Thermal Comfort

Many of the comfort models used in practice are based on a quasi-stationary point of view. That means that the short-term comfort behavior is neglected. 

在实际应用中，许多舒适性模型都是基于准静态理论。这意味着短期的舒适性被忽视。

座椅和车身之间的接触区域 

An example for this is the cooling effect sensed in the seat contact area for a short time after sitting down. In the long run, due to the high insulation discussed above, heat accumulates and the human body might start to sweat.

相关的例子是，人在刚坐下来不久后会觉得接触到的座椅区域很凉爽。从长远来看，由于上面讨论的高绝热性，人体热量堆积，可能会导致出汗。

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热中性 Thermal Neutrality

A thermal system is said to be at neutral state when it is in thermal balance with its surroundings. For the human body this translates to the situation in which all internally generated metabolic heat is fully transferred to the surroundings and physiological regulatory mechanisms like sweating and shivering are turned off.

一个热力系统处于中性状态，就是说这个热力系统与周围环境处于热平衡状态。对于人体来说，这意味着所有内部产生的代谢热量完全转移到周围，并且出汗和颤抖等生理调节机制被关闭。

 热中性和相关人体温度值的示例结果

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舒适度评估指标 Indicators for estimating the comfort level

PMV指标 PMV Index

The comfort index PMV stands for "predicted mean vote" and stems from real-world trials with test persons rating their comfort sensations when exposed to different thermal conditions. The method was developed by Fanger and the results are presented on a seven-point scale from cold (-3) to hot (+3). The point of thermal neutrality is set to be at a PMV value of zero. The temperature of a human body (or rather that on its surface) remains constant over time at PMV=0.

舒适指数PMV 意为“预测平均评价”，来源于实际测试中试验对象在不同热环境下对自己的舒适感给出的评分。该方法由Fanger提出，结果体现在一个从冷（-3）到热（+3）的7分制区间。设置PMV值为0时为热中性。人体（或其表面）的温度在PMV=0时随时间保持稳定。

• PMV<0

Cool conditions where more heat is transferred to the surroundings than is produced internally. The temperature of the human body decreases. At extreme conditions the thermophysiology of the human body reacts with shivering to increase the internal heat production.

在较冷的条件下，传递到环境中的热量多于体内产生的热量，人体温度下降。在极端条件下，人体会产生热生理学的颤抖反应，以增加内热。

• PMV>0

Warm conditions where less heat is transferred to the surroundings than is produced internally. The temperature of the human body rises. Ultimately, the human body reacts with sweating as a regulatory cooling mechanism.

在温暖的环境中，传递到环境中的热量比体内产生的热量少，人体温度上升。最终，人体通过出汗作为冷却调节机制反应。

Details on this kind of comfort value can be found in numerous standards, for example ASHRAE 55 and DIN EN ISO 7730.

关于这种舒适性价值的详细信息可以在许多标准中找到, 例如ASHRAE 55 和DIN EN ISO 7730。

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总体舒适性 Global Comfort

The simplest statistical approach is to view the situation PMV=0 as the optimal case. Every deviation from this state means more or less discomfort. Another index by Fanger called PPD (for "percentage of persons dissatisfied") can be used to analyze the average comfort level. It takes into account that a uniform comfort sensation for different people plainly does not exist and postulates that even at PMV=0 at least approx. 5% of the people will be dissatisfied with the thermal climate.

最简单的统计方法是将PMV=0的情况视为最优情况。每一次偏离这种状态都或多或少意味着不舒服。Fanger的另一个指数PPD（表示“不满意人数百分比”），用来分析平均舒适度。考虑到不同人群舒适感的不一致性，甚至在PMV=0时，至少会有接近5%的人对热环境感到不满意。

Another approach also available within THESEUS‑FE is to estimate the global comfort by using the mean skin temperature of the human. Two models are the TS (thermal sensation) and DTS (dynamic thermal sensation) indices.

THESEUS‑FE 中的另一种方法是使用人类的平均皮肤温度来估计总体舒适性。两种模型分别是TS（热感觉）和DTS（动态热感觉）指数。

评价总体舒适度测量变量 Measured variables for judging the global comfort

For judging the local comfort either the local skin temperature values (or their time derivatives) can be used. Alternatively, the heat flow transmitted from the skin to the surroundings can be used.

为判断局部舒适性，可以使用局部皮肤温度值（或其时间导数），或利用从皮肤传递到周围环境的热流。

Within a simulation with THESEUS‑FE the heat flow between the virtual human and its surroundings is split into four parts:

在THESEUS‑FE的模拟案例中，假人与其周围环境之间的热流分为四个部分：

• Convective heat flow (between the nearby air and the skin or clothing respectively)

  对流热流（周围空气与皮肤或衣物之间的对流）

• Heat exchange resulting from short-wave radiation, e.g. solar radiation

  短波辐射（如太阳辐射）产生的热交换

• Heat exchange resulting from long-wave radiation, i.e. heat exchanged between the virtual human and the car cabin

  长波辐射产生的热交换，如假人与汽车机舱之间的热交换

• Heat flow within contact areas

  接触区域内的热流

作用于人体的边界条件与其自身的调节机制

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等效温度 Equivalent temperature

Another quantity often used when evaluating the thermal comfort of a person is the so-called "equivalent temperature". In plain terms it is the temperature that one "actually feels". One reason for introducing this quantity is that the heat flow derived from a simulation on its own is not very meaningful for most people. Most people will tend to judge the sensation of heat by some kind of familiar temperature value. 

在评估一个人的热舒适性时，经常使用的另一个值是所谓的“等效温度”。简单地说，它是一个人“实际感觉”的温度。引入这一数量的一个原因是，从模拟本身获得的热流对大多数人来说意义不大。大多数人倾向于根据某种熟悉的温度值来判断热的感觉。

基于等效温度五点量表的局部热舒适性模型结果

 

The definition of the equivalent temperature is inspired by the following question: How high would the temperature within an ideal, enclosed room with homogenous air and wall temperature and without forced air convection need to be to produce the same heat flow at the considered body part? This temperature value is then defined as the equivalent temperature of the body part in question.

等效温度的概念源于一个问题，即在一个理想的、空气和壁面温度均质，且没有强制空气对流的封闭房间中，需要多高的温度才能在指定身体部位产生相同的热流？然后，这个温度值被定义为有关身体部分的等效温度。

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局部舒适性模型 Local comfort models

THESEUS-FE supports several models for evaluating the local comfort. A well-known example is the Zhang model from UC Berkeley which basically rates the local skin temperatures of different body parts. In contrast to that, the index from ISO 14505 uses local equivalent temperatures and distinguishes between summer and winter clothing. 

THESEUS‑FE 支持多种模型评估局部舒适度。一个著名的例子是来自加州大学伯克利分校的Zhang 模型，其对身体不同部位的局部皮肤温度进行了基本评估。与此形成对比的是，ISO 14505 的指数使用了局部等效温度，并区分了夏装和冬装。

A local comfort model based on equivalent temperatures has the benefit that each local comfort index of any body part can easily be traced back to the heat flow at its surface. This considerably simplifies the process of understanding the reasons for comfort or discomfort in a given situation.

基于等效温度的局部舒适模型的优点是，任何身体部位的每个局部舒适指数都可以很容易地追溯到其表面的热流。这大大简化了在特定情况下舒适与否的原因及过程解析。

注：更多技术与案例，请查看下方THESEUS-FE官网。

https://www.theseus-fe.com/application-areas/automotive/passenger-comfort

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关于埃尔科

ARRK Engineering GmbH 原名 P+Z Engineering GmbH，成立于1967年，总部位于德国慕尼黑，在英国、罗马尼亚、日本和中国均设有分公司或办公室，是汽车及航空航天等行业内众多国际一线品牌的长期合作伙伴，为客户提供高端的工程开发咨询服务。

埃尔科工程技术开发(上海)有限公司 是德国 ARRK Engineering GmbH 在中国设立的全资子公司，成立于2019年9月，志为中国汽车领域提供世界一流的工程技术服务。