Python-19 字典

创建和访问字典

用大括号表示字典，字典是映射类型，（字典不是序列类型，字符串、列表、元组都是序列类型）

>>> dic1 = {'nike':'just do it','adidas':'impossible is nothing','lining':'一切皆有可能'}

索引的方式和列表、元组一致都是中括号，但是中括号内不是索引值，而是键值（key，可以是整形，字符）

>>> print('nike的slogan是：',dic1['nike'])
nike的slogan是： just do it

创建空的字典

>>> dict1 ={}
>>> dict1
{}
>>> 

使用dict()工厂函数（类型）

直接使用元组或列表参数创建字典

>>> dict3 = dict((('F',70),('i',105),('s',115),('h',104),('c',67)))
>>> dict3
{'h': 104, 'i': 105, 'c': 67, 's': 115, 'F': 70}
>>>

使用key-value的形式创建字典

>>> dict4 = dict(nike='just do it',adidas='impossible is nothing')
>>> dict4
{'adidas': 'impossible is nothing', 'nike': 'just do it'}
>>> 

但是使用key-value创建字典时，key是没有引号的

>>> dict4 = dict('nike'='just do it',adidas='impossible is nothing')
SyntaxError: keyword can't be an expression
>>> 

因为关键字不能是表达式，dict会自动以字符串的形式把key包裹起来

直接给字典的键赋值

如果这个键（key）是存在的，就改变这个键对应的值。如果这个键是不存在的，则将这个键值对插入到字典中

>>> dict4
{'adidas': 'impossible is nothing', 'nike': 'just do it'}
>>> dict4['nike'] = '做就做'
>>> dict4
{'adidas': 'impossible is nothing', 'nike': '做就做'}
>>> dict4['lining'] = '一切皆有可能'
>>> dict4
{'lining': '一切皆有可能', 'adidas': 'impossible is nothing', 'nike': '做就做'}
>>> 

字典的内建方法

创建字典的方法

dict.fromkeys()

>>> dict1 = {}
>>> dict.fromkeys((1,2,3))
{1: None, 2: None, 3: None}
>>> dict1.fromkeys((1,2,4),'number')
{1: 'number', 2: 'number', 4: 'number'}
>>> dict1.fromkeys((1,2,3),('one','two','three'))
{1: ('one', 'two', 'three'), 2: ('one', 'two', 'three'), 3: ('one', 'two', 'three')}
>>> 

访问字段的方法

dict.keys()

先创建多个键值对的字典

>>> dict1 = dict1.fromkeys(range(10),'good')
>>> dict1
{0: 'good', 1: 'good', 2: 'good', 3: 'good', 4: 'good', 5: 'good', 6: 'good', 7: 'good', 8: 'good', 9: 'good'}

>>> for eachKey in dict1.keys():
	print(eachKey)

	
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
>>> 

dict.values()

>>> for eachValue in dict1.values():
	print(eachValue)

	
good
good
good
good
good
good
good
good
good
good
>>> 

dict.items()

>>> for eachItem in dict1.items():
	print(eachItem)

	
(0, 'good')
(1, 'good')
(2, 'good')
(3, 'good')
(4, 'good')
(5, 'good')
(6, 'good')
(7, 'good')
(8, 'good')
(9, 'good')
>>> 

dict.get()

如果key存在，返回key对应的值。如果key不存在则返回默认值，若默认值没有给，则返回None

>>> dict1.get(0)
'good'
>>> dict1.get(10)
>>> print(dict1.get(10))
None
>>> dict1.get(10,'bad')
'bad'

检查键的成员资格

>>> 1 in dict1
True
>>> 10 in dict1
False

检查键的成员资格比序列更加高效，当数据非常大时，两者差距很大。（序列中查找的是元素值，而不是序列）

dict.clear()

>>> dict1.clear()
>>> dict1
{}
>>> 

clear()是清空内存地址中对应存储的值，而a = {} 只是将a指向新的内存地址，之前的数据还是存在的。

>>> a = {'nike':'usa'}
>>> b = a
>>> b
{'nike': 'usa'}
>>> a = {}
>>> a
{}
>>> b
{'nike': 'usa'}
>>> a = b
>>> a
{'nike': 'usa'}
>>> a.clear()
>>> a
{}
>>> b
{}
>>> 

dict.copy()

全拷贝

>>> a = {1:'one',2:'two',3:'three'}
>>> b = a.copy()
>>> c = a
>>> a
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three'}
>>> b
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three'}
>>> c
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three'}
>>> id(a)
30397384
>>> id(b)
21226480
>>> id(c)
30397384
>>> 

>>> c[4] = 'four'
>>> c
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three', 4: 'four'}
>>> a
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three', 4: 'four'}
>>> b
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three'}
>>> 

dict.setdefault()

如果key在字典中，返回对应的值；如果不存在，则插入项，默认值为None

>>> a = {1:'one',2:'two',3:'three'}
>>> a.setdefault(1)
'one'
>>> a.setdefault(4)
>>> a
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three', 4: None}
>>> a.setdefault(5,'five')
'five'
>>> a
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three', 4: None, 5: 'five'}
>>> 

dict.pop()

>>> a
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three', 4: None, 5: 'five'}
>>> a.pop(2)
'two'
>>> a
{1: 'one', 3: 'three', 4: None, 5: 'five'}
>>> a.pop(1,'one')
'one'
>>> a
{3: 'three', 4: None, 5: 'five'}
>>> a.pop(6)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#90>", line 1, in <module>
    a.pop(6)
KeyError: 6
>>> 

dict.popitem()

>>> a
{3: 'three', 4: None, 5: 'five'}
>>> a.popitem()
(3, 'three')
>>> a
{4: None, 5: 'five'}
>>> 

dict.update()

用一个字典或映射关系更新另一个字典

>>> a
{4: None, 5: 'five'}
>>> b = {4:'four'}
>>> a.update(b)
>>> a
{4: 'four', 5: 'five'}

>>> a.update({5:'FIVE'})
>>> a
{4: 'four', 5: 'FIVE'}
>>>