前言
本文为7月16日数据科学库学习笔记,分为四个章节:
- 绘制散点图;
- 绘制条形图:纵向&横向;
- 绘制分组条形图;
- 绘制直方图。
一、绘制散点图
- 示例:北京2016年3月、10月每天白天的最高气温如列表 a 和列表 b 所示,绘制散点图:
a = [11,17,16,11,12,11,12,6,6,7,8,9,12,15,14,17,18,21,16,17,20,14,15,15,15,19,21,22,22,22,23]
b = [26,26,28,19,21,17,16,19,18,20,20,19,22,23,17,20,21,20,22,15,11,15,5,13,17,10,11,13,12,13,6]
代码如下:
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager
# 设置中文字体
my_font = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\SIMKAI.ttf')
y_3 = [11,17,16,11,12,11,12,6,6,7,8,9,12,15,14,17,18,21,16,17,20,14,15,15,15,19,21,22,22,22,23]
y_10 = [26,26,28,19,21,17,16,19,18,20,20,19,22,23,17,20,21,20,22,15,11,15,5,13,17,10,11,13,12,13,6]
x = range(1, 32)
x_10 = range(51, 82)
# 设置图片大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8), dpi=80)
# 绘制散点图
plt.scatter(x, y_3, label="3月份")
plt.scatter(x_10, y_10, label="10月份")
# 修改 x 轴刻度
_x = list(x)+list(x_10)
_xtick_labels = ["3月{}日".format(i) for i in x]
_xtick_labels += ["3月{}日".format(i-50) for i in x_10]
plt.xticks(_x[::3], _xtick_labels[::3], fontproperties=my_font, rotation=45)
# 添加图例
plt.legend(loc='upper left', prop=my_font)
# 添加标题
plt.xlabel("时间", fontproperties=my_font)
plt.ylabel("温度", fontproperties=my_font)
plt.title("标题", fontproperties=my_font)
# 展示
plt.show()
二、绘制条形图
1、纵向条形图
- 示例:2017年内地电影票房前20的电影(列表 a)和票房数据(列表 b),绘制条形图:
a = [“战狼2”,“速度与激情8”,“功夫瑜伽”,“西游伏妖篇”,“变形金刚5:最后的骑士”,“摔跤吧!爸爸”,“加勒比海盗5:死无对证”,“金刚:骷髅岛”,“极限特工:终极回归”,“生化危机6:终章”,“乘风破浪”,“神偷奶爸3”,“智取威虎山”,“大闹天竺”,“金刚狼3:殊死一战”,“蜘蛛侠:英雄归来”,“悟空传”,“银河护卫队2”,“情圣”,“新木乃伊”]
b = [56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23]
- 注意:bar 绘制条形图,只接受含数字的可迭代对象
plt.bar(range(len(a)), b, width=0.3)
完整代码如下:
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager
# 设置中文字体
my_font = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\SIMKAI.ttf')
a = ["战狼2","速度与激情8","功夫瑜伽","西游伏妖篇","变形金刚5:最后的骑士","摔跤吧!爸爸","加勒比海盗5:死无对证","金刚:骷髅岛","极限特工:终极回归","生化危机6:终章","乘风破浪","神偷奶爸3","智取威虎山","大闹天竺","金刚狼3:殊死一战","蜘蛛侠:英雄归来","悟空传","银河护卫队2","情圣","新木乃伊"]
b = [56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23]
# 设置图片大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 15), dpi=80)
plt.bar(range(len(a)), b, width=0.3)
# 设置 x 轴刻度
plt.xticks(range(len(a)), a, fontproperties=my_font, rotation=90)
plt.show()
2、横向条形图
- 注意:barh 用 height 调整条形图宽度。
完整代码如下:
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager
# 设置中文字体
my_font = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\SIMKAI.ttf')
a = ["战狼2","速度与激情8","功夫瑜伽","西游伏妖篇","变形金刚5:最后的骑士","摔跤吧!爸爸","加勒比海盗5:死无对证","金刚:骷髅岛","极限特工:终极回归","生化危机6:终章","乘风破浪","神偷奶爸3","智取威虎山","大闹天竺","金刚狼3:殊死一战","蜘蛛侠:英雄归来","悟空传","银河护卫队2","情圣","新木乃伊"]
b = [56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23]
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 15), dpi=80)
plt.barh(range(len(a)), b, height=0.3, color="orange")
plt.yticks(range(len(a)), a, fontproperties=my_font)
plt.grid()
plt.show()
三、绘制分组条形图
- 示例:列表 a 中的电影分别在9月14日、9月15日、9月16日三天的票房,展示电影本身的票房以及同其他电影的数据对比情况:
a = [“猩球崛起3:终极之战”,“敦刻尔克”,“蜘蛛侠:英雄归来”,“战狼2”]
b_16 = [15746,312,4497,319]
b_15 = [12357,156,2045,168]
b_14 = [2358,399,2358,362]
- 注意:调整分组的刻度。
# 设置每组的刻度
x_14 = list(range(len(a)))
x_15 = [i + bar_width for i in x_14]
x_16 = [i + bar_width*2 for i in x_14]
完整代码如下:
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager
# 设置中文字体
my_font = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\SIMKAI.ttf')
a = ["猩球崛起3:终极之战","敦刻尔克","蜘蛛侠:英雄归来","战狼2"]
b_16 = [15746,312,4497,319]
b_15 = [12357,156,2045,168]
b_14 = [2358,399,2358,362]
# 柱形宽度
bar_width = 0.2
# 设置每组的刻度
x_14 = list(range(len(a)))
x_15 = [i + bar_width for i in x_14]
x_16 = [i + bar_width*2 for i in x_14]
# 设置图片大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8), dpi=80)
plt.bar(range(len(a)), b_14, width=bar_width, label="9月14日")
plt.bar(x_15, b_15, width=bar_width, label="9月15日")
plt.bar(x_16, b_16, width=bar_width, label="9月16日")
# 添加图例
plt.legend(prop=my_font)
# 在中间的柱形添加电影名
plt.xticks(x_15, a, fontproperties=my_font)
plt.show()
四、绘制直方图
1、plt.hist 方法
- 统计:获取了250部电影的时长,统计出这些电影时长的分布状态:
a=[131, 98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115, 99, 136, 126, 134, 95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117, 86, 95, 144, 105, 126, 130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123, 86, 101, 99, 136,123, 117, 119, 105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140, 83, 110, 102,123,107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144, 83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137, 92,121, 112, 146, 97, 137, 105, 98, 117, 112, 81, 97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112, 83, 94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111, 84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]
- 注意:plt.hist(a, num_bins),传入需要统计的数据和组数;
- 也可以传入一个列表,当组距不均匀的时候使用;
- plt.hist(a, num_bins, density=1),绘制频率分布直方图,默认为频数直方图。
完整代码如下:
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager
a=[131, 98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115, 99, 136, 126, 134, 95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117, 86, 95, 144, 105, 126, 130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123, 86, 101, 99, 136,123, 117, 119, 105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140, 83, 110, 102,123,107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144, 83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137, 92,121, 112, 146, 97, 137, 105, 98, 117, 112, 81, 97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112, 83, 94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111, 84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]
# 计算组数
d = 3 # 组距
num_bins = (max(a) - min(a)) // d # 组数
# 设置图片大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8), dpi=80)
# 绘制频率直方图
plt.hist(a, num_bins, density=1)
# 设置 x 轴刻度
plt.xticks(range(min(a), max(a)+d, d))
# 绘制网格线
plt.grid()
plt.show()
2、plt.bar 方法绘制直方图
不均匀的组距绘制直方图:
interval = [0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60,90]
width = [5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,15,30,60]
quantity = [836,2737,3723,3926,3596,1438,3273,642,824,613,215,47]
完整代码如下:
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager
interval = [0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60,90]
width = [5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,15,30,60]
quantity = [836,2737,3723,3926,3596,1438,3273,642,824,613,215,47]
# 设置图片大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8), dpi=80)
# 使用 bar 绘制直方图,调整柱形宽度为1
plt.bar(range(len(quantity)), quantity, width=1)
# 设置 x 轴刻度
_x = [i-0.5 for i in range(13)]
_xtick_labels = interval + [150]
plt.xticks(_x, _xtick_labels)
# 添加网格线
plt.grid(alpha=0.4)
plt.show()