Direct2D入门

Direct2D入门

一. 资源管理(Resource management)

和Direct3D一样，Direct2D程序需要处理设备丢失(Device lost)问题。Direct2D中的资源分为设备独立资源(Device independent resource)和设备依赖资源(Device dependent resource)。

设备独立资源包括：

• ID2D1DrawingStateBlock
• ID2D1Factory
• ID2D1Geometry 和由此继承而来的接口
• ID2D1GeometrySink and ID2D1SimplifiedGeometrySink
• ID2D1StrokeStyle

设备依赖资源包括：

• ID2D1Brush 和由此继承而来的接口
• ID2D1Layer
• ID2D1RenderTarget 和由此继承而来的接口
• 其他资源

具体参见：http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd756757(v=VS.85).aspx

二. Direct2D程序的结构

1. 在程序初始化函数处(Constructor)创建设备独立资源，如ID2D1Factory，IDWriteFactory等；
2. 创建设备依赖资源WM_CREATE，如果运行过程中出现设备丢失，需要重新创建；
3. 响应WM_PAINT消息，在OnPaint()或OnDraw()等处，用创建的资源Render；
4. 响应WM_SIZE消息，在OnSize()处调用ID2D1RenderTarget::Resize();
5. 响应WM_ERASEBKGND，在OnEraseBkgnd()处返回FALSE，阻止GDI重绘客户区背景色，设置背景色的工作交给Direct2D在Render时设置，否则在Resize时会出现窗口闪烁的问题；
6. 退出程序前WM_DESTROY，清理资源。

为提高程序的性能，尽量减少资源的创建和销毁操作，将能够重复利用的资源接口变量申明为View类的成员变量。

三. Direct2D demo

一个简单的MFC程序，用于演示Direct2D程序的结构和一些简单绘图操作。

1.Direct2D prerequisite

D2dPrerequisite.h，包含一些编译Direct2D程序所需要用到的头文件，lib库文件，帮助宏和预处理指令：

//D2dPrerequisite.h
#pragma once

//
//Header files and lib files for Direct2D and DirectWrite
#include <d2d1.h>		//Direct2D,for normal rendering task
#include <d2d1helper.h>	
#include <dwrite.h>		//DirectWrite,for drawing text
#include <wincodec.h>		//Windows imaging component,for image decoding

#pragma comment(lib,"d2d1.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"dwrite.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"windowscodecs.lib")
using namespace D2D1;
//
//Helper template for resource releasing
template<class Interface>
inline void SafeRelease(Interface **ppInterfaceToRelease)
{
	if (*ppInterfaceToRelease != NULL)
	{
		(*ppInterfaceToRelease)->Release();
		(*ppInterfaceToRelease) = NULL;
	}
}

#ifndef Assert
#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
#define Assert(b) do {if (!(b)) {OutputDebugStringA("Assert: " #b "\n");}} while(0)
#else
#define Assert(b)
#endif //DEBUG || _DEBUG
#endif

#ifndef HINST_THISCOMPONENT
EXTERN_C IMAGE_DOS_HEADER __ImageBase;
#define HINST_THISCOMPONENT ((HINSTANCE)&__ImageBase)
#endif

2.View类中的成员变量：

#include "D2dPrerequisite.h"
	//View.h
	private:
	//Direct2D interface
	ID2D1Factory* m_pD2d1Factory;
	ID2D1HwndRenderTarget* m_pHwndRenderTarget;
	ID2D1SolidColorBrush* m_pSolidColorBrush;
	ID2D1LinearGradientBrush* m_pLinearGradientBrush;
	ID2D1RadialGradientBrush* m_pRadialGradientBrush;

	//DirectWrite interface
	IDWriteFactory* m_pDWriteFactory;
	IDWriteTextFormat* m_pTextFormat;

3.创建设备独立资源

//View.cpp
BOOL CD2D1_startView::CreateDeviceIndependentResource()
{
	HRESULT hr = D2D1CreateFactory(D2D1_FACTORY_TYPE_SINGLE_THREADED,&m_pD2d1Factory);
	ASSERT(hr == S_OK);

	if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
	{
		hr = DWriteCreateFactory(DWRITE_FACTORY_TYPE_SHARED,
			__uuidof(m_pDWriteFactory),
			reinterpret_cast<IUnknown**>(&m_pDWriteFactory));
		ASSERT(hr == S_OK);
	}

	//Create TextFormat object with IDWriteFactory
	if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
	{
		const CString fontName = _T("Verdana");
		const FLOAT fontSize = 32.0f;
		hr = m_pDWriteFactory->CreateTextFormat(
			fontName,
			NULL,
			DWRITE_FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL,
			DWRITE_FONT_STYLE_NORMAL,
			DWRITE_FONT_STRETCH_NORMAL,
			fontSize,
			L"",	//locale
			&m_pTextFormat
			);
		ASSERT(hr == S_OK);
		if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
		{
			//Center alignment vertically and horizontally
			m_pTextFormat->SetTextAlignment(DWRITE_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_CENTER);
			m_pTextFormat->SetParagraphAlignment(DWRITE_PARAGRAPH_ALIGNMENT_CENTER);
		}
	}
	return (hr == S_OK);
}

4.创建设备依赖资源

//View.cpp
BOOL CD2D1_startView::CreateDeviceDependentResource()
{
	ASSERT(m_pD2d1Factory != NULL);
	if (m_pHwndRenderTarget != NULL)	//There is no need to create render target
		return TRUE;

	RECT rc;
	GetClientRect(&rc);
	D2D1_SIZE_U size = SizeU(rc.right-rc.left,rc.bottom-rc.top);
	HRESULT hr = m_pD2d1Factory->CreateHwndRenderTarget(
		RenderTargetProperties(),
		HwndRenderTargetProperties(m_hWnd,size),//Bind the HwndRenderTarget to view window
		&m_pHwndRenderTarget);
	ASSERT(hr == S_OK);
	if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
	{
		//Create solid color brush
		hr = m_pHwndRenderTarget->CreateSolidColorBrush(
			ColorF(ColorF::LightGreen),
			&m_pSolidColorBrush);
		ASSERT(hr == S_OK);

		//Create gradient stops collection,
		//used by linear gradient brush or radial gradient brush
		ID2D1GradientStopCollection* pGradientStops = NULL;
		D2D1_GRADIENT_STOP stops[2];
		stops[0].color = ColorF(ColorF::Yellow);
		stops[0].position = 0.0f;
		stops[1].color = ColorF(ColorF::Red);
		stops[1].position = 1.0f;
		HRESULT hr = m_pHwndRenderTarget->CreateGradientStopCollection(
			stops,
			2,
			D2D1_GAMMA_2_2,
			D2D1_EXTEND_MODE_CLAMP,
			&pGradientStops);
		ASSERT(hr == S_OK);

		//Create linear gradient brush
		hr = m_pHwndRenderTarget->CreateLinearGradientBrush(
			LinearGradientBrushProperties(Point2F(210,110),Point2F(290,190)),
			pGradientStops,
			&m_pLinearGradientBrush);
		ASSERT(hr == S_OK);

		//Create radial gradient brush
		hr = m_pHwndRenderTarget->CreateRadialGradientBrush(
			RadialGradientBrushProperties(Point2F(350,150),Point2F(0,0),50,50),
			pGradientStops,
			&m_pRadialGradientBrush);
		ASSERT(hr == S_OK);

		SafeRelease(&pGradientStops);
	}

	return (hr == S_OK);
}

5.Render

//View.cpp
void CD2D1_startView::Render()
{
	ASSERT(m_pD2d1Factory != NULL);
	if (!m_pHwndRenderTarget)	//Render target need to be recreated
	{
		//Recreate device dependent resource
		BOOL succeeded = CreateDeviceDependentResource();
		if (!succeeded)
			return;
	}

	const D2D1_COLOR_F redColor = ColorF(ColorF::Red);
	const D2D1_COLOR_F greenColor = ColorF(ColorF::Green);
	const D2D1_COLOR_F blueColor = ColorF(ColorF::Blue);
	const D2D1_COLOR_F yellowColor = ColorF(ColorF::Yellow);
	const D2D1_COLOR_F pinkColor = ColorF(ColorF::Pink);
	const D2D1_COLOR_F lightBlue = ColorF(ColorF::LightBlue);
	const D2D1_COLOR_F lightGreen = ColorF(ColorF::LightGreen);

	m_pHwndRenderTarget->BeginDraw();
	m_pHwndRenderTarget->Clear(ColorF(ColorF::White));	//Clear the background
	
	//Draw line
	//We can set the color and opacity of solid color brush at any time,
	//so there is no need to create brushes for different colors
	m_pSolidColorBrush->SetColor(redColor);	
	D2D1_POINT_2F startPoint = Point2F(10,10);
	D2D1_POINT_2F endPoint = Point2F(90,90);
	m_pHwndRenderTarget->DrawLine(startPoint,endPoint,m_pSolidColorBrush,5.0);

	//Draw rectangle
	m_pSolidColorBrush->SetColor(greenColor);
	D2D1_RECT_F rect = RectF(110,10,190,90);
	m_pHwndRenderTarget->DrawRectangle(rect,m_pSolidColorBrush,4.0f);

	//Draw rounded rectangle
	m_pSolidColorBrush->SetColor(blueColor);
	rect = RectF(210,10,290,90);
	D2D1_ROUNDED_RECT roundedRect = RoundedRect(rect,10,10);
	m_pHwndRenderTarget->DrawRoundedRectangle(roundedRect,m_pSolidColorBrush,3.0f);

	//Draw ellipse
	m_pSolidColorBrush->SetColor(redColor);
	D2D1_POINT_2F center = D2D1::Point2F(350,50);
	D2D1_ELLIPSE ellipse = D2D1::Ellipse(center,40,30);
	m_pHwndRenderTarget->DrawEllipse(ellipse,m_pSolidColorBrush,3.0f);

	//Fill rectangle
	m_pSolidColorBrush->SetColor(pinkColor);
	rect = RectF(10,110,90,190);
	m_pHwndRenderTarget->FillRectangle(rect,m_pSolidColorBrush);

	//Fill rounded rectangle
	m_pSolidColorBrush->SetColor(blueColor);
	m_pSolidColorBrush->SetOpacity(0.3f);
	rect = RectF(110,110,190,190);
	roundedRect = RoundedRect(rect,20,20);
	m_pHwndRenderTarget->FillRoundedRectangle(roundedRect,m_pSolidColorBrush);

	//Fill rectangle with linear gradient brush
	rect = RectF(210,110,290,190);
	m_pHwndRenderTarget->FillRectangle(rect,m_pLinearGradientBrush);
	
	//Fill ellipse with gradient brush
	ellipse = D2D1::Ellipse(Point2F(350,150),40,40);
	m_pHwndRenderTarget->FillEllipse(ellipse,m_pRadialGradientBrush);

	//Draw text with a linear gradient brush
	const CString text = _T("Text drawed with Direct2D & DWrite!");
	rect = RectF(20,210,380,290);
	m_pHwndRenderTarget->DrawTextW(
		text,
		text.GetLength(),
		m_pTextFormat,
		rect,
		m_pLinearGradientBrush);

	HRESULT hr = m_pHwndRenderTarget->EndDraw();

	if (hr == D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET)	//Render target need to be recreated
	{
		//Discard all device dependent resources,
		//and recreate them in the next render procedure
		DiscardDeviceDependentResource();
	}
}

6. 销毁设备依赖资源，以备下次Render时再次创建

//View.cpp
void CD2D1_startView::DiscardDeviceDependentResource()
{
	SafeRelease(&m_pRadialGradientBrush);
	SafeRelease(&m_pLinearGradientBrush);
	SafeRelease(&m_pSolidColorBrush);
	SafeRelease(&m_pHwndRenderTarget);
}

7.Resize

//View.cpp
void CD2D1_startView::Resize(int width,int height)
{
	if (m_pHwndRenderTarget)
	{
		m_pHwndRenderTarget->Resize(SizeU(width,height));
	}
}

四. 程序运行结果