虚拟继承和虚基类

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    A()
    {
        cout<< "this is A constructor"<<endl;
    }

    //needly
    virtual ~A()
    {
        cout<<"this is A destructor"<<endl;
    }

    void Speak()
    {
        cout<<"this is A speak"<<endl;
    }
};

class B1 : public virtual A
{
public:
    B1()
    {
        cout<<"this is B1 constructor"<<endl;
    }

    ~B1()
    {
        cout<<"this is B1 destructor"<<endl;
    }
};

class B2 : public virtual A
{
public:
    B2()
    {
        cout<<"this is B2 constructor"<<endl;
    }

    ~B2()
    {
        cout<<"this is B2 destructor"<<endl;
    }
};

class C: public B1,public B2
{
public:
    C()
    {
        cout<<"this is C constructor"<<endl;
    }

    ~C()
    {
        cout<<"this is C destructor"<<endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    C *p = new C();
    p->Speak();
    delete p;
    p = NULL;

    return 0;
}

执行结果：
this is A constructor
this is B1 constructor
this is B2 constructor
this is C constructor
this is A speak
this is C destructor
this is B2 destructor
this is B1 destructor
this is A destructor

虚拟继承即在继承时再基类前面加一个virtual关键字，而虚基类便是A。
通过虚继承我们可以解决三个问题：
存储问题：因为当非虚继承时，类C的内存中，将会产生两份类A的拷贝。
效率问题：非虚继承时，基类的构造（析构）函数被调用两次。
编译问题：调用基类的成员函数时会产生二义性，如这里的Speak（），当非虚继承时，B1跟B2均会继承A的Speak（）成员函数，那么当子类C调用时将产生二义性，虽然可用：：指定，但这不符合设计原则跟开发原则。