numpy的常用函数

1.读取文件
逻辑上可被解释为二维数组的文本文件：
数据项1<分隔符>数据项2<分隔符>…<分隔符>数据项n
…
numpy.loadtxt(
文件路径,
delimiter=分隔符(缺省一个空格),
usecols=列序列(缺省所有列),
unpack=是否展开列(缺省False),
dtype=元素类型(缺省float),
converters=转换器字典(缺省不做转换))
->一个二维数组(unpack=False)或
多个一维数组(unpack=True)
代码：k.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
import datetime as dt
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as mp
import matplotlib.dates as md


def dmy2ymd(dmy):
    dmy = str(dmy, encoding='utf-8')#用utf-8来解释dmy
    date = dt.datetime.strptime(dmy, '%d-%m-%Y').date()#strptime是一个静态方法，把str变成一个时间对象
    ymd = date.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
    return ymd


dates, opening_prices, highest_prices, \
    lowest_prices, closing_prices = np.loadtxt(
        'aapl.csv',
        delimiter=',', usecols=(1, 3, 4, 5, 6),
        unpack=True, dtype='M8[D], f8, f8, f8, f8',
        converters={1: dmy2ymd})
mp.figure('Candlestick', facecolor='lightgray')
mp.title('Candlestick', fontsize=20)
mp.xlabel('Date', fontsize=14)
mp.ylabel('Price', fontsize=14)
ax = mp.gca()
# 设置水平坐标每个星期一为主刻度
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(md.WeekdayLocator(
    byweekday=md.MO))
# 设置水平坐标每一天为次刻度
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(md.DayLocator())
# 设置水平坐标主刻度标签格式
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(md.DateFormatter(
    '%d %b %Y'))
mp.tick_params(labelsize=10)
mp.grid(linestyle=':')
dates = dates.astype(md.datetime.datetime)
# 阳线掩码
rise = closing_prices - opening_prices >= 0.01
# 阴线掩码
fall = opening_prices - closing_prices >= 0.01
# 填充色
fc = np.zeros(dates.size, dtype='3f4')
fc[rise], fc[fall] = (1, 1, 1), (0, 0.5, 0)
# 边缘色
ec = np.zeros(dates.size, dtype='3f4')
ec[rise], ec[fall] = (1, 0, 0), (0, 0.5, 0)
mp.bar(dates, highest_prices - lowest_prices, 0,
       lowest_prices, color=fc, edgecolor=ec)
mp.bar(dates, closing_prices - opening_prices, 0.8,
       opening_prices, color=fc, edgecolor=ec)
# 自动调整水平坐标轴的日期标签
mp.gcf().autofmt_xdate()
mp.show()