单例模式

        1. 懒汉式
    public class Singleton {
        
        private static Singleton instance;
        
        public static synchronized Singleton getInstance() {
            if (instance == null) {
                instance = new Singleton();
            }
            return instance;
        }

    }
    优点:
        实现了懒加载,避免了内存的浪费
    缺点:
        必须加锁才能保证单例,但是加锁会影响效率

2. 饿汉式
    public class Singleton {
        
        private static Singleton instance = new Singleton();
        
        public static Singleton getInstance() {
            return instance;
        }
        
    }
    优点:
        不加锁,执行效率高,在类加载时候就进行了实例的初始化,不会出现多线程冲突
    缺点:
        未实现懒加载,类加载就进行了初始化,造成了内存浪费


3. 双重检查锁
    public class Singleton {
    
        private static volatile Singleton instance;
    
        public static Singleton getInstance() {
            if (instance == null) {
                synchronized (Singleton.class) {
                    if (instance == null) {
                        instance = new Singleton();
                    }
                }
            }
            return instance;
        }
    }
    优点:
        实现了延迟加载,线程安全,效率高
    缺点:
        实现难度较高

4. 静态内部类
    public class Singleton {
        
        private static class SingletonHolder {
            private static final Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();
        }
        
        public static final Singleton getInstance() {
            return SingletonHodlder.INSTANCE;
        }
        
    }
    优点:
        显示调用getInstance方法时候才会装在SingletonHolder类,实现了延迟加载,线程安全