Price_prediction

于 2021-06-23 18:53:55 发布
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机器学习与Python实践

问题描述

采用集成学习的方法对美国爱荷华州埃姆斯地区的房价进行预测
数据集（train）中有1460个样本，81个特征，目标特征为房价

解决过程

导入数据

import pandas as pd

train = pd.read_csv(r"C:\Users\SZS-Student\Desktop\机器学习与Python实践\train-2.csv")
train.head()
IdMSSubClassMSZoningLotFrontageLotAreaStreetAlleyLotShapeLandContourUtilities...PoolAreaPoolQCFenceMiscFeatureMiscValMoSoldYrSoldSaleTypeSaleConditionSalePrice
0160RL65.08450PaveNaNRegLvlAllPub...0NaNNaNNaN022008WDNormal208500
1220RL80.09600PaveNaNRegLvlAllPub...0NaNNaNNaN052007WDNormal181500
2360RL68.011250PaveNaNIR1LvlAllPub...0NaNNaNNaN092008WDNormal223500
3470RL60.09550PaveNaNIR1LvlAllPub...0NaNNaNNaN022006WDAbnorml140000
4560RL84.014260PaveNaNIR1LvlAllPub...0NaNNaNNaN0122008WDNormal250000

5 rows × 81 columns

train.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 1460 entries, 0 to 1459
Data columns (total 81 columns):
 #   Column         Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------         --------------  -----  
 0   Id             1460 non-null   int64  
 1   MSSubClass     1460 non-null   int64  
 2   MSZoning       1460 non-null   object 
 3   LotFrontage    1201 non-null   float64
 4   LotArea        1460 non-null   int64  
 5   Street         1460 non-null   object 
 6   Alley          91 non-null     object 
 7   LotShape       1460 non-null   object 
 8   LandContour    1460 non-null   object 
 9   Utilities      1460 non-null   object 
 10  LotConfig      1460 non-null   object 
 11  LandSlope      1460 non-null   object 
 12  Neighborhood   1460 non-null   object 
 13  Condition1     1460 non-null   object 
 14  Condition2     1460 non-null   object 
 15  BldgType       1460 non-null   object 
 16  HouseStyle     1460 non-null   object 
 17  OverallQual    1460 non-null   int64  
 18  OverallCond    1460 non-null   int64  
 19  YearBuilt      1460 non-null   int64  
 20  YearRemodAdd   1460 non-null   int64  
 21  RoofStyle      1460 non-null   object 
 22  RoofMatl       1460 non-null   object 
 23  Exterior1st    1460 non-null   object 
 24  Exterior2nd    1460 non-null   object 
 25  MasVnrType     1452 non-null   object 
 26  MasVnrArea     1452 non-null   float64
 27  ExterQual      1460 non-null   object 
 28  ExterCond      1460 non-null   object 
 29  Foundation     1460 non-null   object 
 30  BsmtQual       1423 non-null   object 
 31  BsmtCond       1423 non-null   object 
 32  BsmtExposure   1422 non-null   object 
 33  BsmtFinType1   1423 non-null   object 
 34  BsmtFinSF1     1460 non-null   int64  
 35  BsmtFinType2   1422 non-null   object 
 36  BsmtFinSF2     1460 non-null   int64  
 37  BsmtUnfSF      1460 non-null   int64  
 38  TotalBsmtSF    1460 non-null   int64  
 39  Heating        1460 non-null   object 
 40  HeatingQC      1460 non-null   object 
 41  CentralAir     1460 non-null   object 
 42  Electrical     1459 non-null   object 
 43  1stFlrSF       1460 non-null   int64  
 44  2ndFlrSF       1460 non-null   int64  
 45  LowQualFinSF   1460 non-null   int64  
 46  GrLivArea      1460 non-null   int64  
 47  BsmtFullBath   1460 non-null   int64  
 48  BsmtHalfBath   1460 non-null   int64  
 49  FullBath       1460 non-null   int64  
 50  HalfBath       1460 non-null   int64  
 51  BedroomAbvGr   1460 non-null   int64  
 52  KitchenAbvGr   1460 non-null   int64  
 53  KitchenQual    1460 non-null   object 
 54  TotRmsAbvGrd   1460 non-null   int64  
 55  Functional     1460 non-null   object 
 56  Fireplaces     1460 non-null   int64  
 57  FireplaceQu    770 non-null    object 
 58  GarageType     1379 non-null   object 
 59  GarageYrBlt    1379 non-null   float64
 60  GarageFinish   1379 non-null   object 
 61  GarageCars     1460 non-null   int64  
 62  GarageArea     1460 non-null   int64  
 63  GarageQual     1379 non-null   object 
 64  GarageCond     1379 non-null   object 
 65  PavedDrive     1460 non-null   object 
 66  WoodDeckSF     1460 non-null   int64  
 67  OpenPorchSF    1460 non-null   int64  
 68  EnclosedPorch  1460 non-null   int64  
 69  3SsnPorch      1460 non-null   int64  
 70  ScreenPorch    1460 non-null   int64  
 71  PoolArea       1460 non-null   int64  
 72  PoolQC         7 non-null      object 
 73  Fence          281 non-null    object 
 74  MiscFeature    54 non-null     object 
 75  MiscVal        1460 non-null   int64  
 76  MoSold         1460 non-null   int64  
 77  YrSold         1460 non-null   int64  
 78  SaleType       1460 non-null   object 
 79  SaleCondition  1460 non-null   object 
 80  SalePrice      1460 non-null   int64  
dtypes: float64(3), int64(35), object(43)
memory usage: 924.0+ KB

去除无用数据特征Id和缺失值较多的特征

由上述结果可知，上述数据中"Alley",“PoolQC”,“Fence”,“MiscFeature"4个特征的缺失值较多，而且数据集中特征较多，因此去除这四个特征和无用特征"Id”

train = train.drop(["Id","Alley","PoolQC","Fence","MiscFeature"],axis = 1)
train.head()
MSSubClassMSZoningLotFrontageLotAreaStreetLotShapeLandContourUtilitiesLotConfigLandSlope...EnclosedPorch3SsnPorchScreenPorchPoolAreaMiscValMoSoldYrSoldSaleTypeSaleConditionSalePrice
060RL65.08450PaveRegLvlAllPubInsideGtl...0000022008WDNormal208500
120RL80.09600PaveRegLvlAllPubFR2Gtl...0000052007WDNormal181500
260RL68.011250PaveIR1LvlAllPubInsideGtl...0000092008WDNormal223500
370RL60.09550PaveIR1LvlAllPubCornerGtl...272000022006WDAbnorml140000
460RL84.014260PaveIR1LvlAllPubFR2Gtl...00000122008WDNormal250000

5 rows × 76 columns

获取存在缺失值的特征

# 含缺失值的特征及缺失值的个数
Missing_value_list  = {}
for i in train.columns:
    null_count = train[i].isnull().sum()
    if null_count > 0:
        Missing_value_list[i] = null_count
Missing_value_list

{'LotFrontage': 259,
 'MasVnrType': 8,
 'MasVnrArea': 8,
 'BsmtQual': 37,
 'BsmtCond': 37,
 'BsmtExposure': 38,
 'BsmtFinType1': 37,
 'BsmtFinType2': 38,
 'Electrical': 1,
 'FireplaceQu': 690,
 'GarageType': 81,
 'GarageYrBlt': 81,
 'GarageFinish': 81,
 'GarageQual': 81,
 'GarageCond': 81}

缺失值处理

离散型特征使用众数进行插补；连续型特征使用均值进行插补

离散类型特征

MasVnrType，BsmtQual，BsmtCond，BsmtExposure，BsmtFinType1，BsmtFinType2，Electrical，FireplaceQu，GarageType，GarageYrBlt，GarageFinish，GarageQual，GarageCond

连续类型特征

LotFrontage，MasVnrArea

from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
import numpy as np

MISSfeature_Discrete_list = ["MasVnrType","BsmtQual","BsmtCond","BsmtExposure","BsmtFinType1","BsmtFinType2","Electrical","FireplaceQu","GarageType","GarageYrBlt","GarageFinish","GarageQual","GarageCond"]
MISSfeature_Continuous_list = ["LotFrontage","MasVnrArea"]

# 对离散类型特征进行缺失值处理
# 用众数填补
imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.nan ,strategy="most_frequent")
for i in MISSfeature_Discrete_list:
    imputer.fit(train[[i]])
    train[i] = imputer.transform(train[[i]])
    print(train[i].isnull().sum()) # 检擦是否还存在缺失值
    
# 对连续类型特征进行缺失值处理
# 用均值填补
imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.nan ,strategy="mean")
for i in MISSfeature_Continuous_list:
    imputer.fit(train[[i]])
    train[i] = imputer.transform(train[[i]])
    print(train[i].isnull().sum()) # 检擦是否还存在缺失值

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

#特征列表
feature_list = list(train.columns)
#连续类型特征列表
feature_Continuous = ["LotFrontage","LotArea","YearBuilt","YearRemodAdd","MasVnrArea","BsmtFinSF1","BsmtFinSF2","BsmtUnfSF","TotalBsmtSF",\
                    "1stFlrSF","2ndFlrSF","LowQualFinSF","GrLivArea","GarageYrBlt","GarageArea","WoodDeckSF","OpenPorchSF","EnclosedPorch",\
                    "3SsnPorch","ScreenPorch","PoolArea","MiscVal","MoSold","YrSold"]
#离散类型特征列表
for i in feature_Continuous:
    feature_list.remove(i)  
    
#离散类型特征列表    
feature_Discrete = feature_list

print(feature_Continuous)
print(feature_Discrete)

['LotFrontage', 'LotArea', 'YearBuilt', 'YearRemodAdd', 'MasVnrArea', 'BsmtFinSF1', 'BsmtFinSF2', 'BsmtUnfSF', 'TotalBsmtSF', '1stFlrSF', '2ndFlrSF', 'LowQualFinSF', 'GrLivArea', 'GarageYrBlt', 'GarageArea', 'WoodDeckSF', 'OpenPorchSF', 'EnclosedPorch', '3SsnPorch', 'ScreenPorch', 'PoolArea', 'MiscVal', 'MoSold', 'YrSold']
['MSSubClass', 'MSZoning', 'Street', 'LotShape', 'LandContour', 'Utilities', 'LotConfig', 'LandSlope', 'Neighborhood', 'Condition1', 'Condition2', 'BldgType', 'HouseStyle', 'OverallQual', 'OverallCond', 'RoofStyle', 'RoofMatl', 'Exterior1st', 'Exterior2nd', 'MasVnrType', 'ExterQual', 'ExterCond', 'Foundation', 'BsmtQual', 'BsmtCond', 'BsmtExposure', 'BsmtFinType1', 'BsmtFinType2', 'Heating', 'HeatingQC', 'CentralAir', 'Electrical', 'BsmtFullBath', 'BsmtHalfBath', 'FullBath', 'HalfBath', 'BedroomAbvGr', 'KitchenAbvGr', 'KitchenQual', 'TotRmsAbvGrd', 'Functional', 'Fireplaces', 'FireplaceQu', 'GarageType', 'GarageFinish', 'GarageCars', 'GarageQual', 'GarageCond', 'PavedDrive', 'SaleType', 'SaleCondition', 'SalePrice']

特征编码和标准化

对离散类型特征进行one-hot编码；对连续类型特征进行Z-score标准化

# Z-score标准化
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

scaler = StandardScaler(copy=True)
train_scaled = train
for i in feature_Continuous:
    train_scaled[i] = scaler.fit_transform(train[[i]])
train_scaled.head()
MSSubClassMSZoningLotFrontageLotAreaStreetLotShapeLandContourUtilitiesLotConfigLandSlope...EnclosedPorch3SsnPorchScreenPorchPoolAreaMiscValMoSoldYrSoldSaleTypeSaleConditionSalePrice
060RL-0.229372-0.207142PaveRegLvlAllPubInsideGtl...-0.359325-0.116339-0.270208-0.068692-0.087688-1.5991110.138777WDNormal208500
120RL0.451936-0.091886PaveRegLvlAllPubFR2Gtl...-0.359325-0.116339-0.270208-0.068692-0.087688-0.489110-0.614439WDNormal181500
260RL-0.0931100.073480PaveIR1LvlAllPubInsideGtl...-0.359325-0.116339-0.270208-0.068692-0.0876880.9908910.138777WDNormal223500
370RL-0.456474-0.096897PaveIR1LvlAllPubCornerGtl...4.092524-0.116339-0.270208-0.068692-0.087688-1.599111-1.367655WDAbnorml140000
460RL0.6336180.375148PaveIR1LvlAllPubFR2Gtl...-0.359325-0.116339-0.270208-0.068692-0.0876882.1008920.138777WDNormal250000

5 rows × 76 columns

# 去掉SalePrice
feature_Discrete.remove('SalePrice')

# one-hot编码
train_scaled = pd.get_dummies(train_scaled, columns=feature_Discrete)
train_scaled.head()
LotFrontageLotAreaYearBuiltYearRemodAddMasVnrAreaBsmtFinSF1BsmtFinSF2BsmtUnfSFTotalBsmtSF1stFlrSF...SaleType_ConLwSaleType_NewSaleType_OthSaleType_WDSaleCondition_AbnormlSaleCondition_AdjLandSaleCondition_AllocaSaleCondition_FamilySaleCondition_NormalSaleCondition_Partial
0-0.229372-0.2071421.0509940.8786680.5114180.575425-0.288653-0.944591-0.459303-0.793434...0001000010
10.451936-0.0918860.156734-0.429577-0.5744101.171992-0.288653-0.6412280.4664650.257140...0001000010
2-0.0931100.0734800.9847520.8302150.3230600.092907-0.288653-0.301643-0.313369-0.627826...0001000010
3-0.456474-0.096897-1.863632-0.720298-0.574410-0.499274-0.288653-0.061670-0.687324-0.521734...0001100000
40.6336180.3751480.9516320.7333081.3645700.463568-0.288653-0.1748650.199680-0.045611...0001000010

5 rows × 345 columns

划分训练集和测试集

#将标签与特征分离
X = train_scaled.drop('SalePrice', axis=1)
y = train_scaled['SalePrice']

#划分训练集与测试集，训练集80%，测试集20%
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train,X_test,y_train,y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=255)

bagging回归

from sklearn.ensemble import BaggingRegressor

# 岭回归
from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
RI = Ridge()
# KN近邻
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsRegressor
KNR = KNeighborsRegressor()
# 决策树
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor
DTR = DecisionTreeRegressor(random_state=10)

estimator_list  = [RI, KNR, DTR]
grid_n = [10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 500]
grid_fea = [True, False]

# bagging回归参数调优
for i in grid_n:
    for j in grid_fea:
            bagr = BaggingRegressor(base_estimator=DTR, n_estimators=i, bootstrap_features=j, random_state=10)
            bagr.fit(X_train,y_train)
            print("%d,%s,r2：%0.4f" %(i,j,bagr.score(X_test,y_test)))

10,True,r2：0.7840
10,False,r2：0.7852
20,True,r2：0.7949
20,False,r2：0.8139
50,True,r2：0.8038
50,False,r2：0.8190
100,True,r2：0.8129
100,False,r2：0.8170
150,True,r2：0.8114
150,False,r2：0.8155
200,True,r2：0.8157
200,False,r2：0.8167
500,True,r2：0.8179
500,False,r2：0.8142

由此可知使用bagging回归模型时，在n_estimators = 50,bootstrap_features=False时，效果最佳，此时的基学习器为决策树，r2 = 0.819；
下面讨论基学习器为KN近邻回归和岭回归时的拟合效果：

# 基学习器为KNR
for i in grid_n:
    for j in grid_fea:
            bagr = BaggingRegressor(base_estimator=KNR, n_estimators=i, bootstrap_features=j, random_state=10)
            bagr.fit(X_train,y_train)
            print("%d,%s,r2：%0.4f" %(i,j,bagr.score(X_test,y_test)))

10,True,r2：0.7347
10,False,r2：0.7245
20,True,r2：0.7282
20,False,r2：0.7271
50,True,r2：0.7346
50,False,r2：0.7264
100,True,r2：0.7386
100,False,r2：0.7233
150,True,r2：0.7362
150,False,r2：0.7241
200,True,r2：0.7356
200,False,r2：0.7231
500,True,r2：0.7375
500,False,r2：0.7250

通过运行结果可知，基学习器为KN近邻回归模型时，整体的拟合效果低于基学习器为决策树时的效果；

# 基学习器为RI
for i in grid_n:
    for j in grid_fea:
            bagr = BaggingRegressor(base_estimator=RI, n_estimators=i, bootstrap_features=j, random_state=10)
            bagr.fit(X_train,y_train)
            print("%d,%s,r2：%0.4f" %(i,j,bagr.score(X_test,y_test)))

10,True,r2：0.8758
10,False,r2：0.8701
20,True,r2：0.8790
20,False,r2：0.8803
50,True,r2：0.8737
50,False,r2：0.8752
100,True,r2：0.8724
100,False,r2：0.8711
150,True,r2：0.8718
150,False,r2：0.8717
200,True,r2：0.8727
200,False,r2：0.8735
500,True,r2：0.8732
500,False,r2：0.8721

与上面两种基学习器相比，可以明显看出，基学习器为岭回归模型时效果最佳；在n_estimators = 20，bootstrap_features=False时，效果最佳，此时r2 = 0.8803。

随机森林

from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor

# 随机森林参数调优 
criterion_list = ["mse", "mae"]
max_features_list =["auto", "sqrt", "log2"]

for i in grid_n:
    for j in criterion_list:
        for k in max_features_list:
            RF = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=i, criterion=j,max_features=k,random_state=10)
            RF.fit(X_train, y_train)
            print("%d,%s,%s,r2: %0.4f" %(i,j,k,RF.score(X_test,y_test)))

10,mse,auto,r2: 0.8125
10,mse,sqrt,r2: 0.7479
10,mse,log2,r2: 0.7499
10,mae,auto,r2: 0.7934
10,mae,sqrt,r2: 0.7406
10,mae,log2,r2: 0.7283
20,mse,auto,r2: 0.8242
20,mse,sqrt,r2: 0.7864
20,mse,log2,r2: 0.7498
20,mae,auto,r2: 0.8187
20,mae,sqrt,r2: 0.7566
20,mae,log2,r2: 0.7437
50,mse,auto,r2: 0.8173
50,mse,sqrt,r2: 0.7923
50,mse,log2,r2: 0.7518
50,mae,auto,r2: 0.8122
50,mae,sqrt,r2: 0.7752
50,mae,log2,r2: 0.7468
100,mse,auto,r2: 0.8187
100,mse,sqrt,r2: 0.7912
100,mse,log2,r2: 0.7477
100,mae,auto,r2: 0.8119
100,mae,sqrt,r2: 0.7731
100,mae,log2,r2: 0.7461
150,mse,auto,r2: 0.8199
150,mse,sqrt,r2: 0.7834
150,mse,log2,r2: 0.7513
150,mae,auto,r2: 0.8111
150,mae,sqrt,r2: 0.7725
150,mae,log2,r2: 0.7463
200,mse,auto,r2: 0.8178
200,mse,sqrt,r2: 0.7817
200,mse,log2,r2: 0.7495
200,mae,auto,r2: 0.8060
200,mae,sqrt,r2: 0.7742
200,mae,log2,r2: 0.7491
500,mse,auto,r2: 0.8170
500,mse,sqrt,r2: 0.7826
500,mse,log2,r2: 0.7454
500,mae,auto,r2: 0.8042
500,mae,sqrt,r2: 0.7748
500,mae,log2,r2: 0.7467

由上述结果可知，随机森林在n_estimators=20,criterion=mse,max_features=auto时效果最佳，此时r2= 0.8242。

AdaBoost

from sklearn.ensemble import AdaBoostRegressor

#在基学习器个数为默认50，学习率默认为1的情况下，观测岭回归，KN近邻，决策树三个基学习器的拟合拟合效果
for i in estimator_list:
    ABR =  AdaBoostRegressor(base_estimator=i, random_state=10)
    ABR.fit(X_train, y_train)
    print("%s,r2: %0.4f" %(i, ABR.score(X_test,y_test)))

Ridge(),r2: 0.7018
KNeighborsRegressor(),r2: 0.6619
DecisionTreeRegressor(random_state=10),r2: 0.8438

从上面的结果可以看出，决策树为基学习器时，AdaBoost回归模型的效果最佳；下面以决策树为基学习器，对n_estimators，loss, learning_rate超参数进行调优

loss_list = ['linear', 'square', 'exponential']
random_state = np.arange(0.1,1.1,0.1)

for i in grid_n:
    for j in loss_list:
        for k in random_state:
                ABR =  AdaBoostRegressor(base_estimator=DTR, random_state=10,n_estimators = i, loss = j, learning_rate =k )
                ABR.fit(X_train, y_train)
                print("n_estimators:%d, loss:%s, learning_rate:%f, r2: %0.4f" %(i,j,k, ABR.score(X_test,y_test)))

n_estimators:10, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.7986
n_estimators:10, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8138
n_estimators:10, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.7897
n_estimators:10, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.7993
n_estimators:10, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8016
n_estimators:10, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8145
n_estimators:10, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8190
n_estimators:10, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8338
n_estimators:10, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8147
n_estimators:10, loss:linear, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8363
n_estimators:10, loss:square, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8443
n_estimators:10, loss:square, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.7998
n_estimators:10, loss:square, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.7877
n_estimators:10, loss:square, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8167
n_estimators:10, loss:square, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8348
n_estimators:10, loss:square, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8096
n_estimators:10, loss:square, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8165
n_estimators:10, loss:square, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8002
n_estimators:10, loss:square, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8050
n_estimators:10, loss:square, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8323
n_estimators:10, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8459
n_estimators:10, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8153
n_estimators:10, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8226
n_estimators:10, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8005
n_estimators:10, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.7978
n_estimators:10, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8466
n_estimators:10, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.7934
n_estimators:10, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8502
n_estimators:10, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8190
n_estimators:10, loss:exponential, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8327
n_estimators:20, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8007
n_estimators:20, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8267
n_estimators:20, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8089
n_estimators:20, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8231
n_estimators:20, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8166
n_estimators:20, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8202
n_estimators:20, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8381
n_estimators:20, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8354
n_estimators:20, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8246
n_estimators:20, loss:linear, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8385
n_estimators:20, loss:square, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8158
n_estimators:20, loss:square, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8226
n_estimators:20, loss:square, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8476
n_estimators:20, loss:square, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8136
n_estimators:20, loss:square, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8375
n_estimators:20, loss:square, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8140
n_estimators:20, loss:square, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.7956
n_estimators:20, loss:square, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8172
n_estimators:20, loss:square, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8247
n_estimators:20, loss:square, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8166
n_estimators:20, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8393
n_estimators:20, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8155
n_estimators:20, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8439
n_estimators:20, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8108
n_estimators:20, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8094
n_estimators:20, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8170
n_estimators:20, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8265
n_estimators:20, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8428
n_estimators:20, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8395
n_estimators:20, loss:exponential, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8318
n_estimators:50, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8240
n_estimators:50, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8376
n_estimators:50, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8409
n_estimators:50, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8404
n_estimators:50, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8386
n_estimators:50, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8156
n_estimators:50, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8287
n_estimators:50, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8234
n_estimators:50, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8207
n_estimators:50, loss:linear, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8438
n_estimators:50, loss:square, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8208
n_estimators:50, loss:square, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8429
n_estimators:50, loss:square, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8424
n_estimators:50, loss:square, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8274
n_estimators:50, loss:square, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8382
n_estimators:50, loss:square, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8182
n_estimators:50, loss:square, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8189
n_estimators:50, loss:square, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8206
n_estimators:50, loss:square, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8338
n_estimators:50, loss:square, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8210
n_estimators:50, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8308
n_estimators:50, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8263
n_estimators:50, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8393
n_estimators:50, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8242
n_estimators:50, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8238
n_estimators:50, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8297
n_estimators:50, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8323
n_estimators:50, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8397
n_estimators:50, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8164
n_estimators:50, loss:exponential, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8310
n_estimators:100, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8288
n_estimators:100, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8393
n_estimators:100, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8318
n_estimators:100, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8360
n_estimators:100, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8417
n_estimators:100, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8286
n_estimators:100, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8283
n_estimators:100, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8280
n_estimators:100, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8292
n_estimators:100, loss:linear, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8415
n_estimators:100, loss:square, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8329
n_estimators:100, loss:square, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8331
n_estimators:100, loss:square, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8443
n_estimators:100, loss:square, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8334
n_estimators:100, loss:square, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8434
n_estimators:100, loss:square, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8286
n_estimators:100, loss:square, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8191
n_estimators:100, loss:square, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8155
n_estimators:100, loss:square, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8352
n_estimators:100, loss:square, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8295
n_estimators:100, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8248
n_estimators:100, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8277
n_estimators:100, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8386
n_estimators:100, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8224
n_estimators:100, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8280
n_estimators:100, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8256
n_estimators:100, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8437
n_estimators:100, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8415
n_estimators:100, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8234
n_estimators:100, loss:exponential, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8329
n_estimators:150, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8282
n_estimators:150, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8387
n_estimators:150, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8374
n_estimators:150, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8409
n_estimators:150, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8401
n_estimators:150, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8317
n_estimators:150, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8302
n_estimators:150, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8346
n_estimators:150, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8341
n_estimators:150, loss:linear, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8403
n_estimators:150, loss:square, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8413
n_estimators:150, loss:square, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8341
n_estimators:150, loss:square, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8449
n_estimators:150, loss:square, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8291
n_estimators:150, loss:square, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8429
n_estimators:150, loss:square, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8338
n_estimators:150, loss:square, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8173
n_estimators:150, loss:square, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8238
n_estimators:150, loss:square, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8365
n_estimators:150, loss:square, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8316
n_estimators:150, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8278
n_estimators:150, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8303
n_estimators:150, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8399
n_estimators:150, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8220
n_estimators:150, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8353
n_estimators:150, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8372
n_estimators:150, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8419
n_estimators:150, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8349
n_estimators:150, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8329
n_estimators:150, loss:exponential, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8295
n_estimators:200, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8316
n_estimators:200, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8390
n_estimators:200, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8391
n_estimators:200, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8375
n_estimators:200, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8396
n_estimators:200, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8315
n_estimators:200, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8354
n_estimators:200, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8311
n_estimators:200, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8299
n_estimators:200, loss:linear, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8408
n_estimators:200, loss:square, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8384
n_estimators:200, loss:square, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8366
n_estimators:200, loss:square, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8421
n_estimators:200, loss:square, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8293
n_estimators:200, loss:square, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8380
n_estimators:200, loss:square, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8337
n_estimators:200, loss:square, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8229
n_estimators:200, loss:square, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8259
n_estimators:200, loss:square, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8353
n_estimators:200, loss:square, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8333
n_estimators:200, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8366
n_estimators:200, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8288
n_estimators:200, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8396
n_estimators:200, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8261
n_estimators:200, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8330
n_estimators:200, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8274
n_estimators:200, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8409
n_estimators:200, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8331
n_estimators:200, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8292
n_estimators:200, loss:exponential, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8309
n_estimators:500, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8353
n_estimators:500, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8389
n_estimators:500, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8325
n_estimators:500, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8413
n_estimators:500, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8411
n_estimators:500, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8374
n_estimators:500, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8365
n_estimators:500, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8342
n_estimators:500, loss:linear, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8306
n_estimators:500, loss:linear, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8367
n_estimators:500, loss:square, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8364
n_estimators:500, loss:square, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8361
n_estimators:500, loss:square, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8441
n_estimators:500, loss:square, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8321
n_estimators:500, loss:square, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8325
n_estimators:500, loss:square, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8399
n_estimators:500, loss:square, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8320
n_estimators:500, loss:square, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8312
n_estimators:500, loss:square, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8285
n_estimators:500, loss:square, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8270
n_estimators:500, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.100000, r2: 0.8407
n_estimators:500, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.200000, r2: 0.8306
n_estimators:500, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.300000, r2: 0.8349
n_estimators:500, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.400000, r2: 0.8300
n_estimators:500, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.500000, r2: 0.8359
n_estimators:500, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.600000, r2: 0.8338
n_estimators:500, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.700000, r2: 0.8376
n_estimators:500, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.800000, r2: 0.8310
n_estimators:500, loss:exponential, learning_rate:0.900000, r2: 0.8294
n_estimators:500, loss:exponential, learning_rate:1.000000, r2: 0.8308

由上示结果知，AdaBoost以决策树为基学习器在n_estimators=20, loss=square, learning_rate=0.300000, 有最佳拟合效果，此时r2=0.8476。

GBDT

from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingRegressor

loss_list = ['ls', 'lad', 'huber', 'quantile']
learning_rate_list = np.arange(0.1,1.1,0.1)

for i in grid_n:
    for j in loss_list:
        for k in learning_rate_list:
            GBR = GradientBoostingRegressor(loss=j, learning_rate=k, n_estimators=i,random_state=10)
            GBR.fit(X_train, y_train)
            print("n_estimators:%d, loss:%s, learning_rate:%0.2f, r2: %0.4f" %(i,j,k, GBR.score(X_test,y_test)))

n_estimators:10, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.5922
n_estimators:10, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.7456
n_estimators:10, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7815
n_estimators:10, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7385
n_estimators:10, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7016
n_estimators:10, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7388
n_estimators:10, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6672
n_estimators:10, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7304
n_estimators:10, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7114
n_estimators:10, loss:ls, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.5668
n_estimators:10, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.3481
n_estimators:10, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.5562
n_estimators:10, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.6521
n_estimators:10, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.6943
n_estimators:10, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7284
n_estimators:10, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7315
n_estimators:10, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.7139
n_estimators:10, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7172
n_estimators:10, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.6893
n_estimators:10, loss:lad, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.6687
n_estimators:10, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.4641
n_estimators:10, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.6158
n_estimators:10, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7108
n_estimators:10, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7433
n_estimators:10, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7594
n_estimators:10, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7780
n_estimators:10, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.7680
n_estimators:10, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7657
n_estimators:10, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7181
n_estimators:10, loss:huber, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.7399
n_estimators:10, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.10, r2: -0.0321
n_estimators:10, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.4116
n_estimators:10, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.5778
n_estimators:10, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.6326
n_estimators:10, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.6443
n_estimators:10, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.6106
n_estimators:10, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.5563
n_estimators:10, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6072
n_estimators:10, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.5383
n_estimators:10, loss:quantile, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.3802
n_estimators:20, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7016
n_estimators:20, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.7950
n_estimators:20, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8140
n_estimators:20, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7735
n_estimators:20, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7282
n_estimators:20, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7545
n_estimators:20, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6554
n_estimators:20, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7442
n_estimators:20, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7313
n_estimators:20, loss:ls, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.5410
n_estimators:20, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.5256
n_estimators:20, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.6928
n_estimators:20, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7250
n_estimators:20, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7417
n_estimators:20, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7658
n_estimators:20, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7708
n_estimators:20, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.7294
n_estimators:20, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7480
n_estimators:20, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7155
n_estimators:20, loss:lad, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.6645
n_estimators:20, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.6210
n_estimators:20, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.7313
n_estimators:20, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7794
n_estimators:20, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8207
n_estimators:20, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8415
n_estimators:20, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7974
n_estimators:20, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.8105
n_estimators:20, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6530
n_estimators:20, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7436
n_estimators:20, loss:huber, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.8018
n_estimators:20, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.3999
n_estimators:20, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.6646
n_estimators:20, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.6932
n_estimators:20, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.6944
n_estimators:20, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.6748
n_estimators:20, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.6579
n_estimators:20, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.5760
n_estimators:20, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6285
n_estimators:20, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.5640
n_estimators:20, loss:quantile, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.4109
n_estimators:50, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7640
n_estimators:50, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8337
n_estimators:50, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8331
n_estimators:50, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7908
n_estimators:50, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7318
n_estimators:50, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7638
n_estimators:50, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6778
n_estimators:50, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7654
n_estimators:50, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7321
n_estimators:50, loss:ls, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.5572
n_estimators:50, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.6928
n_estimators:50, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.7723
n_estimators:50, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7726
n_estimators:50, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7695
n_estimators:50, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8229
n_estimators:50, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7921
n_estimators:50, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6918
n_estimators:50, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7345
n_estimators:50, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7104
n_estimators:50, loss:lad, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.6775
n_estimators:50, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7619
n_estimators:50, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8040
n_estimators:50, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8124
n_estimators:50, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8486
n_estimators:50, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8557
n_estimators:50, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.8052
n_estimators:50, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.8166
n_estimators:50, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6511
n_estimators:50, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7323
n_estimators:50, loss:huber, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.7960
n_estimators:50, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7164
n_estimators:50, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.7633
n_estimators:50, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7323
n_estimators:50, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7203
n_estimators:50, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7002
n_estimators:50, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.6667
n_estimators:50, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.5759
n_estimators:50, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6384
n_estimators:50, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.5985
n_estimators:50, loss:quantile, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.3767
n_estimators:100, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7833
n_estimators:100, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8461
n_estimators:100, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8299
n_estimators:100, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8011
n_estimators:100, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7359
n_estimators:100, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7714
n_estimators:100, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6857
n_estimators:100, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7741
n_estimators:100, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7213
n_estimators:100, loss:ls, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.5668
n_estimators:100, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7420
n_estimators:100, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8070
n_estimators:100, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7795
n_estimators:100, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7834
n_estimators:100, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8223
n_estimators:100, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7918
n_estimators:100, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.7206
n_estimators:100, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7338
n_estimators:100, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.6832
n_estimators:100, loss:lad, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.6891
n_estimators:100, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.8063
n_estimators:100, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8199
n_estimators:100, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8149
n_estimators:100, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8575
n_estimators:100, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8687
n_estimators:100, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7969
n_estimators:100, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.8283
n_estimators:100, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6596
n_estimators:100, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7267
n_estimators:100, loss:huber, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.7902
n_estimators:100, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7818
n_estimators:100, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.7708
n_estimators:100, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7324
n_estimators:100, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7203
n_estimators:100, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7022
n_estimators:100, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.6812
n_estimators:100, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6050
n_estimators:100, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6532
n_estimators:100, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.5779
n_estimators:100, loss:quantile, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.3861
n_estimators:150, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7919
n_estimators:150, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8462
n_estimators:150, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8344
n_estimators:150, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8044
n_estimators:150, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7386
n_estimators:150, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7721
n_estimators:150, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6837
n_estimators:150, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7751
n_estimators:150, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7218
n_estimators:150, loss:ls, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.5553
n_estimators:150, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7709
n_estimators:150, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8230
n_estimators:150, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7806
n_estimators:150, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8013
n_estimators:150, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8267
n_estimators:150, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7934
n_estimators:150, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.7262
n_estimators:150, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7352
n_estimators:150, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.6833
n_estimators:150, loss:lad, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.6865
n_estimators:150, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.8180
n_estimators:150, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8178
n_estimators:150, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8259
n_estimators:150, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8594
n_estimators:150, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8678
n_estimators:150, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7979
n_estimators:150, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.8309
n_estimators:150, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6528
n_estimators:150, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7284
n_estimators:150, loss:huber, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.8012
n_estimators:150, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7841
n_estimators:150, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.7708
n_estimators:150, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7324
n_estimators:150, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7203
n_estimators:150, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7045
n_estimators:150, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7055
n_estimators:150, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6085
n_estimators:150, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6644
n_estimators:150, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.5798
n_estimators:150, loss:quantile, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.4027
n_estimators:200, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7938
n_estimators:200, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8455
n_estimators:200, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8353
n_estimators:200, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8032
n_estimators:200, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7374
n_estimators:200, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7706
n_estimators:200, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6836
n_estimators:200, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7729
n_estimators:200, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7227
n_estimators:200, loss:ls, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.5530
n_estimators:200, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7814
n_estimators:200, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8274
n_estimators:200, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7815
n_estimators:200, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8074
n_estimators:200, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8266
n_estimators:200, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7935
n_estimators:200, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.7272
n_estimators:200, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7375
n_estimators:200, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.6825
n_estimators:200, loss:lad, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.6801
n_estimators:200, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.8238
n_estimators:200, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8288
n_estimators:200, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8264
n_estimators:200, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8600
n_estimators:200, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8675
n_estimators:200, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.8028
n_estimators:200, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.8301
n_estimators:200, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6503
n_estimators:200, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7346
n_estimators:200, loss:huber, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.8009
n_estimators:200, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7841
n_estimators:200, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.7708
n_estimators:200, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7324
n_estimators:200, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7203
n_estimators:200, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7064
n_estimators:200, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7125
n_estimators:200, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6111
n_estimators:200, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6794
n_estimators:200, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.5594
n_estimators:200, loss:quantile, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.3322
n_estimators:500, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7954
n_estimators:500, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8494
n_estimators:500, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8365
n_estimators:500, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8047
n_estimators:500, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7365
n_estimators:500, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7696
n_estimators:500, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6831
n_estimators:500, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7749
n_estimators:500, loss:ls, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7229
n_estimators:500, loss:ls, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.5536
n_estimators:500, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.8136
n_estimators:500, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8470
n_estimators:500, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7917
n_estimators:500, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8093
n_estimators:500, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8248
n_estimators:500, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7984
n_estimators:500, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.7235
n_estimators:500, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.7537
n_estimators:500, loss:lad, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.6900
n_estimators:500, loss:lad, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.6772
n_estimators:500, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.8365
n_estimators:500, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.8289
n_estimators:500, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.8255
n_estimators:500, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.8618
n_estimators:500, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.8669
n_estimators:500, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.8046
n_estimators:500, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.8324
n_estimators:500, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6512
n_estimators:500, loss:huber, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.7330
n_estimators:500, loss:huber, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.8048
n_estimators:500, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.10, r2: 0.7841
n_estimators:500, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.20, r2: 0.7708
n_estimators:500, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.30, r2: 0.7324
n_estimators:500, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.40, r2: 0.7203
n_estimators:500, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.50, r2: 0.7166
n_estimators:500, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.60, r2: 0.7160
n_estimators:500, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.70, r2: 0.6256
n_estimators:500, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.80, r2: 0.6652
n_estimators:500, loss:quantile, learning_rate:0.90, r2: 0.5556
n_estimators:500, loss:quantile, learning_rate:1.00, r2: 0.3129

由上述结果可知，GBDT在n_estimators=100, loss=huber, learning_rate=0.50时效果最佳,此时r2=0.8687。

对比各个回归模型的运行时间

从上述四种模型的最优参数模型的回归效果可知效果差别不大，下面从运行时间角度，对四种模型进行对比：

%%time
# bagging回归
bagr = BaggingRegressor(base_estimator=RI, n_estimators=20, bootstrap_features=False, random_state=10)
bagr.fit(X_train,y_train)
print("r2：%0.4f" %(bagr.score(X_test,y_test)))

r2：0.8803
Wall time: 199 ms

%%time
# 随机森林
RF = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=20, criterion="mse", max_features="auto",random_state=10)
RF.fit(X_train, y_train)
print("r2: %0.4f" %(RF.score(X_test,y_test)))

r2: 0.8242
Wall time: 380 ms

%%time
# AdaBoost
ABR =  AdaBoostRegressor(base_estimator=DTR, random_state=10,n_estimators = 20, loss = "square", learning_rate =0.3)
ABR.fit(X_train, y_train)
print("r2: %0.4f" %(ABR.score(X_test,y_test)))

r2: 0.8476
Wall time: 582 ms

%%time
# GBDT
GBR = GradientBoostingRegressor(loss="huber", learning_rate=0.5, n_estimators=100,random_state=10)
GBR.fit(X_train, y_train)
print("r2: %0.4f" %(GBR.score(X_test,y_test)))

r2: 0.8687
Wall time: 758 ms

结论

从r2指标和运行时间角度综合考虑，采用以岭回归为基学习器的bagging回归模型，在n_estimators = 20，bootstrap_features=False时，效果最佳。

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Real_Estate_Predictor：房地产价格预测器-利用Python，Azure ML，Flask App，Zappa库，AWS S3，AWS Lambda，HTML，JavaScript，CSS，机器学习和Tableau的项目
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房地产预测指标： 项目网址： ： 使用的工具/程序：Python，Azure ML，Flask App，Zappa库，AWS S3，AWS Lambda，HTML，JavaScript，CSS，机器学习和Tableau。 该项目利用机器学习和Azure ML来预测美国120多个主要都会区的房价中位数。 它还展示了使用Tableau的一些重要可视化，这些可视化从AWS S3中提取数据。 然后，整个项目使用Zappa库通过AWS Lambda进行托管。
Used_Car_Price_Prediction
04-05
Used_Car_Price_Prediction这是一个基于机器学习的项目。 它使用回归技术来预测二手车的价格。 XGBoost算法用于制作该项目Flask框架用于制作Web服务器前端主要基于Bootstrap和JS 响应式网页设计部署在Heroku云上有关...
stock_price_prediction_LSTM:使用LSTM预测股票价格
04-14
我们将基于提供的"stock_price_prediction_LSTM"项目来解析这一技术，并重点关注Jupyter Notebook环境中的实现过程。 首先，让我们理解LSTM的基本原理。LSTM是一种递归神经网络（RNN）的变体，专门设计用于处理序列...
price_prediction
02-13
"price_prediction"是一个项目标题，通常指的是预测某种商品或服务的价格。这可能是一个数据分析或机器学习项目，目标是建立一个模型来预测未来的市场价格。在这个项目中，开发者可能会使用Jupyter Notebook，这是一...
HOUSE_PRICE_PREDICTION
03-02
HOUSE_PRICE_PREDICTION 要求购房者描述他们的梦想中的房子，他们可能不会从地下室天花板的高度或与东西方铁路的距离开始。 但是，这场运动场比赛的数据集证明，与价格或卧室或白色栅栏的数量相比，影响价格谈判的...
FBProphet_Price_Prediction
04-22
标题 "FBProphet_Price_Prediction" 暗示了一个使用Facebook Prophet库进行价格预测的项目。Prophet是Facebook开源的一款强大的时间序列预测工具，特别适合处理有季节性、趋势和节假日效应的数据。这个项目可能涉及...
DS-Webscraper-Mercedes-PricePrediction:Web抓取mobile.de以获得二手车信息并实现用于价格预测的机器学习模型
04-18
项目：梅赛德斯汽车的价格估算器 使用Webscraper收集数据并实施机器学习定价系统 目录 3.1 3.2 0.概述 我着迷于现实生活中的数据科学和ML应用程序，并受到梅赛德斯-奔驰的启发，我认为我可以小规模启动类似的项目，以探索和增强我的数据科学技能。 在这个项目中，我 实施了数据收集工具，并使用python和Selenium从抓取了超过11000多种汽车产品 实施了ML工具，该工具可以估算价格（MAE〜8 K€），以帮助客户和卖方估算二手车的价值 清理和整理原始数据和现有功能中的工程功能，作为ML的预处理步骤 使用statsmodels.api OLS模块使用要素的p值对线性回归进行自动和优化的要素选择 使用GridsearchCV优化线性，套索和随机森林回归，以找到最佳拟合模型--TO-DO-- 训练数据集（蓝色）和看不见的测试数据集（绿色）的预测如下所示，为真实价格相对于预测价
house-features:创建了一个回归模型来预测爱荷华州埃姆斯市房屋的销售价格在实际价值的25,000美元以内，并确定对销售价格贡献最大的交互条件
03-31
预测房屋售价 技术与技能 技术技能：回归，数据清理，探索性数据分析（EDA），数据可视化，机器学习，偏差方差折衷，插补方法，模型验证，统计，特征工程，正则化，集成模型，k均值聚类，管道，网格搜索，转学 技术： Python，Jupyter Notebook，GitHub，Git Python库： Pandas，numpy，sklearn，matplotlib，seaborn，scipy 模型：多元线性回归，岭回归，LASSO回归，k近邻回归，随机森林回归，额外树木回归，支持向量回归，XGBoost回归，主成分回归 概述 该项目将涵盖以下部分： 问题陈述 执行摘要 结论 数据源 数据字典 问题陈述 我对该项目的目标是建立一个可以预测爱荷华州艾姆斯房屋实际售价在25,000美元以内的回归模型。 我将用来评估模型准确性的主要指标包括均方根误差（RMSE）和确定系数（R平方）。 RMSE代表
Mobile-Price-Prediction-using-KNN
04-13
使用KNN进行移动价格预测 （2020年12月） 在此笔记本中，我使用K近邻法解决了移动价格分类的挑战。 您可以在Kaggle中找到挑战和数据： 手机有20种功能，输出将是（按比例）价格范围。 这些功能显示了相似的属性，距离度量无关紧要。 拆分数据后，使用sklearn创建KNN类。 找出最佳的预测因子K： 高K过拟合 低K欠拟合 因此，我使用了弯头技术来确定最佳K。
【Kaggle-House Price Prediction】-项目总结
数据分析成长之路
04-30 993
项目对比（与之前工业蒸汽量预测项目相比）： 相同点： 二者都属于回归问题，预测一个数值型的目标变量； 在数据预处理方面，两个项目均涉及到对于数据偏态的处理（为了更符合回归问题的正态性要求）； 在模型选择上，两个项目几乎一样，都是先训练多个回归相关模型（核函数岭回归、Lasso、ElasticNet、Gradient Boosting Regression、XGBoost Regressor、L...
我的Kaggle初探--House Price Predict
iam_emily的博客
03-13 5812
本人对数据挖掘很感兴趣，在自学了python相关数据处理模块和部分机器学习算法后，尝试在kaggle上做实践，项目是房价预测，网上也有很多网友分享的好方法，自己整个顺下来算是对数据处理和挖掘有了初步的认识。 预处理 导入库 import numpy as np import pandas as pd import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import s...
房价预测（基于决策树算法）
Kira_Tseng的博客
09-22 9880
机器学习工程师纳米学位 模型评价与验证 项目 1: 预测波士顿房价 第一步. 导入数据 在这个项目中，将使用波士顿房屋信息数据来训练和测试一个模型，并对模型的性能和预测能力进行评估。我们希望可以通过该模型实现对房屋的价值预估，提高房地产经纪人的工作效率。 此项目的数据集来自kaggle原始数据，未经过任何处理。该数据集统计了2006年至2010年波士顿个人住宅销售情况，包含2900多条观测数据（...
pi_heif-0.17.0-cp39-cp39-manylinux_2_31_armv7l.whl
最新发布
07-27
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ubuntu20.04-ssh9.8p1-ssl3.0.14-focal-deb-amd64升级加固脚本.zip
07-27
若有新版本请查看文章最后附件地址：https://blog.csdn.net/liuxin638507/article/details/132450367 特点： 1、同时升级openssh与openssl，采用deb包形式，一键快速升级版本，无需每台单独再次进行编译， 2、隐藏openssh-版本号(openssh9.8p1及之后隐藏版本号还未找到方法) 3、已默认安全加固（已有配置跳过） 安装： 执行 bash upgrade_ssl_ssh_ubuntu.sh 进行安装 注意，升级安装后，确保sshd服务正常，请新开终端进行验证测试 验证 openssl版本： openssl version OpenSSL 3.0.14 4 Jun 2024 (Library: OpenSSL 3.0.14 4 Jun 2024) openssh版本： ssh -V OpenSSH_9.8p1, OpenSSL 3.0.14 4 Jun 2024
stock price prediction – machine learning project in python
03-25
ChitGPT: Sure, I can help with that. What do you want to know about stock price prediction and machine learning in Python?
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