Python自定义排序规则:functools.cmp_to_key()

Python自定义排序规则:functools.cmp_to_key()

使用场景

fuctools.cmp_to_key()是用来自定义排序规则,类似于C++中的lambada函数一样,使得sort()函数可以按照自己定义的比较规则进行排序。

使用规则

  • 以剑指offer45题为例:
def cmp(a, b):
    if a + b > b + a:
        return 1
    elif a + b < b + a:
        return -1
    else:
        return 0

当使用nums.sort(key = functools.cmp_to_key(cmp))调用时,将nums按照从小到大的顺序排列。

  • 由以上例子可知,cmp中定义的规则就相当于是通过key参数告诉函数sort()如何对两个数进行比较,让它清楚什么样的条件是“大”,什么样的条件是“小”。
    注意:定义这个排序规则只是为了让sort()明白如何得到两个数中较“大”的那个与数组最后是“从小到大”排序还是“从大到小”排序没有关系。
  • sort()如何排序是由第二个参数reverse来确定的。
nums.sort(key = functools.cmp_to_key(cmp), reverse = True) # 数组nums按照从“大”到“小”的顺序排列
nums.sort(key = functools.cmp_to_key(cmp), reverse = False) # 数组nums按照从“小”到“大”的顺序排列
nums.sort(key = functools.cmp_to_key(cmp)) # 不写时,默认是按照从“小”到“大”的顺序排列
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The `functools.cmp_to_key` function is a utility function in Python's `functools` module that helps convert a comparison function to a key function. In Python, sorting a list of objects requires a way to compare the objects. This is done by providing a comparison function that takes two objects as input and returns `-1`, `0`, or `1` depending on whether the first object is less than, equal to, or greater than the second object. However, some sorting functions in Python (such as the `sorted` function) require a key function instead of a comparison function. A key function takes a single object as input and returns a value that can be used for sorting. The `cmp_to_key` function helps convert a comparison function to a key function by returning a new function that takes a single object as input and returns a tuple `(comparison_result, object)` where `comparison_result` is the result of calling the original comparison function with the input object and another object, and `object` is the input object itself. This tuple can then be used for sorting. Here's an example of how to use `cmp_to_key`: ``` from functools import cmp_to_key def compare_length(str1, str2): if len(str1) < len(str2): return -1 elif len(str1) > len(str2): return 1 else: return 0 strings = ['cat', 'dog', 'elephant', 'a', 'zebra'] sorted_strings = sorted(strings, key=cmp_to_key(compare_length)) print(sorted_strings) # Output: ['a', 'cat', 'dog', 'zebra', 'elephant'] ``` In this example, we define a comparison function `compare_length` that compares the lengths of two strings. We then use `cmp_to_key` to convert this comparison function to a key function, and pass it to the `sorted` function to sort a list of strings by length. The resulting sorted list is `['a', 'cat', 'dog', 'zebra', 'elephant']`.

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