Eg 1:证明:收敛数列极限唯一
对于数列
{
a
n
}
\{a_n\}
{an},若存在两个极限:
lim
n
→
∞
a
n
=
a
,
lim
n
→
∞
a
n
=
b
\underset{n\rightarrow \infty}{\lim}a_n=a,\underset{n\rightarrow \infty}{\lim}a_n=b
n→∞liman=a,n→∞liman=b证明
a
=
b
a=b
a=b即可
∀
ε
>
0
,
∃
N
1
,
当
n
>
N
1
时:
∣
a
n
−
a
∣
<
ε
2
\forall \varepsilon >0,\exists N_1, \text{当}n>N_1\text{时:}\left| a_n-a \right|<\frac{\varepsilon}{2}
∀ε>0,∃N1,当n>N1时:∣an−a∣<2ε
∀
ε
>
0
,
∃
N
2
,
当
n
>
N
2
时:
∣
a
n
−
b
∣
<
ε
2
\forall \varepsilon >0,\exists N_2, \text{当}n>N_2\text{时:}\left| a_n-b \right|<\frac{\varepsilon}{2}
∀ε>0,∃N2,当n>N2时:∣an−b∣<2ε
取
N
=
max
{
N
1
,
N
2
}
N=\max\{N_1,N_2\}
N=max{N1,N2},则当
n
>
N
n>N
n>N时:
∣
a
−
b
∣
=
∣
a
−
a
n
+
a
n
−
b
∣
⩽
∣
a
−
a
n
∣
+
∣
a
n
−
b
∣
<
ε
\left| a-b \right|=\left| a-a_n+a_n-b \right|\leqslant \left| a-a_n \right|+\left| a_n-b \right|<\varepsilon
∣a−b∣=∣a−an+an−b∣⩽∣a−an∣+∣an−b∣<ε即:
∀
ε
>
0
,
∣
a
−
b
∣
<
ε
\forall \varepsilon >0, \left| a-b \right|< \varepsilon
∀ε>0,∣a−b∣<ε
所以:
a
=
b
a=b
a=b,证毕
Eg 2:收敛数列必有界
若
lim
n
→
∞
a
n
=
a
\underset{n\rightarrow \infty}{\lim}a_n=a
n→∞liman=a,取
ε
=
1
\varepsilon=1
ε=1,则
∃
N
>
0
,
当
n
>
N
时:
\exists N>0, \text{当}n>N\text{时:}
∃N>0,当n>N时:
∣
a
n
∣
−
∣
a
∣
⩽
∣
a
n
−
a
∣
<
ε
=
1
\left| a_n \right|-\left| a \right|\leqslant \left| a_n-a \right|<\varepsilon =1
∣an∣−∣a∣⩽∣an−a∣<ε=1即:
∣
a
n
∣
⩽
∣
a
∣
+
1
\left| a_n \right|\leqslant \left| a \right|+1
∣an∣⩽∣a∣+1.
取
M
=
∣
a
1
∣
+
∣
a
2
∣
+
⋯
+
∣
a
N
∣
+
∣
a
∣
+
1
M=\left| a_1 \right|+\left| a_2 \right|+\cdots +\left| a_N \right|+\left| a \right|+1
M=∣a1∣+∣a2∣+⋯+∣aN∣+∣a∣+1,则必有:
∣
a
n
∣
<
M
\left| a_n \right|<M
∣an∣<M所以数列
{
a
n
}
\{a_n\}
{an}有界。证毕。
Eg 3:设
lim
n
→
∞
a
n
=
a
\underset{n\rightarrow \infty}{\lim}a_n=a
n→∞liman=a,那么
{
a
n
}
\{a_n\}
{an}的任意子数列必以
a
a
a为极限
设
{
a
n
}
\{a_n\}
{an}的一个子数列为
b
n
=
a
k
n
b_n=a_{k_n}
bn=akn,其中必满足
k
n
⩾
n
k_n\geqslant n
kn⩾n.
已知:
∀
ε
>
0
,
∃
N
,
当
n
>
N
时,
∣
a
n
−
a
∣
<
ε
\forall \varepsilon >0,\exists N, \text{当}n>N\text{时,}\left| a_n-a \right|<\varepsilon
∀ε>0,∃N,当n>N时,∣an−a∣<ε
∵
k
n
⩾
n
>
N
\because k_n\geqslant n>N
∵kn⩾n>N
∴
∣
a
k
n
−
a
∣
<
ε
\therefore \left| a_{k_n}-a \right|<\varepsilon
∴∣akn−a∣<ε