vector中push_back后iterator程序崩溃的原因分析

一、首先必须弄清楚两个概念：

1. capacity：指容器在分配新的存储空间之前能存储的元素总数。
2. size：指当前容器所存储的元素个数
   由于vector对象在插入或添加时自动调整长度（注意：只会自动增加长度，不会自动减小长度），因此可以将vector的长度设置成0；当然，也可指定存储长度：

vector<typename> objection_name(n_elem);//存储n_elem个类型为typename的元素；

二、push_back()

push_back()成员函数的作用是在容器尾部添加一个元素。

三、push_back后iterator程序崩溃的原因分析

先看以下程序：

#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void display(vector<int>::iterator &p_num_,vector<int> &num_ )
{
	while (p_num_ != num_.end())
	{
		cout << *p_num_ << endl;
		p_num_++;
	}
}
int main()
{
	vector<int> num(100);
	num = { 1,2,3,4,5,6 };
	cout << "the capacity of num :" << num.capacity() << endl;
	vector<int>::iterator p_num = num.begin();
	display(p_num, num);
	int a[5] = { 11,22,33,44,55 };
	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
	{
		num.push_back(a[i]);
		cout << "after " << i << "  push_back() the capacity is:" <<num.capacity()<< endl;
	}
	display(p_num, num);//error！！！
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

在第二次display时出现错误，究其原因如下：

vector容器是动态分配内存的，在初始化1,2，3…，6后，当前的vector对象num的大小是6，若此时通过push_back()向num中添加元素，此时，编译器会重新分配一段内存用来保存此时的所有元素。而此时，迭代器p_num里面存放的依然是为扩容之前的地址，扩容后（由于是动态内存分配）num对象的地址发生改变，原来的p_num指向的是一块未知的内存空间，造成内存泄漏；

四、改进

#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void display(vector<int>::iterator &p_num_,vector<int> &num_ )
{
	while (p_num_ != num_.end())
	{
		cout << *p_num_ << endl;
		p_num_++;
	}
}
int main()
{
	vector<int> num(100);
	num = { 1,2,3,4,5,6 };
	cout << "the capacity of num :" << num.capacity() << endl;
	vector<int>::iterator p_num = num.begin();
	display(p_num, num);
	int a[5] = { 11,22,33,44,55 };
	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
	{
		num.push_back(a[i]);
		cout << "after " << i << "  push_back() the capacity is:" <<num.capacity()<< endl;
	}
	vector<int>::iterator p_num_= num.begin();
	display(p_num_, num);//重新定义一个迭代器p_num_；
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

五、验证

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
const int MAXNUM = 5;
int main()
{
	vector<int> num_data;
	cout << num_data.capacity() << endl;
	for (int i = 0; i < MAXNUM; i++)
	{
		num_data.push_back(i);
		cout <<"realtime capacity of vector："<< num_data.capacity() << endl;
		cout << "the address of first number:" << &num_data[0] << endl;
	}
	vector<int> num_data_1(10);
	for (int i = 0; i < MAXNUM+10; i++)
	{
		num_data_1.push_back(i);
		cout << "realtime capacity of vector：" << num_data_1.capacity() << endl;
		cout << "the address of first number:" << &num_data_1[0] << endl;
	}
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}
}

0
realtime capacity of vector：1
the address of first number:00751638
realtime capacity of vector：2
the address of first number:00752550
realtime capacity of vector：3
the address of first number:00752908
realtime capacity of vector：4
the address of first number:00753498
realtime capacity of vector：6
the address of first number:0074DFF0
realtime capacity of vector：15
the address of first number:00752FA8
realtime capacity of vector：15
the address of first number:00752FA8
realtime capacity of vector：15
the address of first number:00752FA8
realtime capacity of vector：15
the address of first number:00752FA8
realtime capacity of vector：15
the address of first number:00752FA8
realtime capacity of vector：22
the address of first number:00745040
realtime capacity of vector：22
the address of first number:00745040
realtime capacity of vector：22
the address of first number:00745040
realtime capacity of vector：22
the address of first number:00745040
realtime capacity of vector：22
the address of first number:00745040
realtime capacity of vector：22
the address of first number:00745040
realtime capacity of vector：22
the address of first number:00745040
realtime capacity of vector：33
the address of first number:0074A0E8
realtime capacity of vector：33
the address of first number:0074A0E8
realtime capacity of vector：33
the address of first number:0074A0E8
请按任意键继续. . .

可见，在未确定vector对象的容量时，每进行一次push_back（）就重新分配一段内存。
若第定义vector对象的大小后，当空间未被存储满时，不会动态分配内存，仅当内存空间不够时，才重新分配空间；
注意：
在指定vector对象num大小后，通过num.capacity()返回的空间总比定义的高处50%；