进程通信常用方式

无名管道通信，只能用于父子进程间通信。

#include <unistd.h>

int pipe(int pipefd[2]);

当一个管道创建成功时，它会建立两个文件描述符。其中pipefd[0]用于读管道，pipefd[1]用于写管道。必须先pipe后fork，否则子进程将不会继承文件描述符

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
	char buf_f[100];
	pid_t pid;
	memset(buf_f, 0, sizeof(buf_f));
	int pipefd[2];

	if (pipe(pipefd) < 0)
	{
		printf("Pipe create error!\n");
		return -1;
	}
	pid = fork();
	if (pid < 0)
		printf("Fork Error!\n");
	else if (pid == 0)
	{
		printf("This is the child process\n");
		close(pipefd[1]);
		sleep(2);
		read(pipefd[0], buf_f, sizeof(buf_f));
		printf("Get:%s\n", buf_f);
		close(pipefd[0]);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("This is the father process\n");
		close(pipefd[0]);
		if (write(pipefd[1], "Hello Wanzi", 11) > 0)
			printf("father write Hello Wanzi\n");
		if (write(pipefd[1], "Goodbye Wanzi", 13) > 0)
			printf("father write Goodbye Wanzi\n");
		wait(NULL);
		close(pipefd[1]);	
	}
	
	return 0;
}

命名管道通信，可以用于任意两个进程间的通信。

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int mkfifo(const char *pathname, mode_t mode);

打开fifo时，非阻塞标志（O_NONBLOCK）会控制进程在读不到数据时是否阻塞。

fifo_read.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <string.h>
#define FIFO_SERVER "/tmp/myfifo"
int main()
{
	char buf[100];
	int fd;
	if ((mkfifo(FIFO_SERVER, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | 0700) < 0) && 
		(errno != EEXIST)) //此处需要额外留意!!!创建管道文件时，权限问题很容易引起读写错误
		printf("create fifo error!\n");
	memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
	fd = open(FIFO_SERVER, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK, 0);
	if (fd == -1)
	{
		printf("open file error!!!!\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	while (1)
	{
		if (read(fd, buf, 100) == -1)
		{
			if (errno == EAGAIN)
				printf("no data yet\n");
		}
		printf("read %s from fifo!\n", buf);
		sleep(1);
		memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
	}
	return 0;
}

fifo_write.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define FIFO_SERVER "/tmp/myfifo"

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
	int fd = open(FIFO_SERVER, O_WRONLY|O_NONBLOCK);
	char buf_f[100];
	if (argc == 1)
	{
		printf("Please send sth\n");
		exit(-1);
	}
	strcpy(buf_f, argv[1]);
	if (write(fd, buf_f, sizeof(buf_f)) == -1)
	{
		if (errno == EAGAIN)
			printf("ERROR!!!!!!!!!!!\n");
	}
	else
		printf("send %s to fifo\n", buf_f);
	return 0;
}

 #include <signal.h>
       typedef void (*sighandler_t)(int);

       sighandler_t signal(int signum, sighandler_t handler);

该函数用于关联信号与动作

#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

void my_func(int sig)
{
	if (sig == SIGINT)
		printf("Gotcha SIGINT!!!\n");
	else if (sig == SIGQUIT)
		printf("Gotcha SIGQUIT!!!\n");
}

int main()
{
	printf("waiting for signals............\n");
	
	signal(SIGINT, my_func);
	signal(SIGQUIT, my_func);

	pause();	
	return 0;
}

发送信号的主要函数有：kill()、raise()、 sigqueue()、alarm()、setitimer()以及abort()。