20230816
在C语言中遍历文件夹并搜索进程PID
在本文中，我们将探讨如何在C语言中遍历文件夹以及如何查找特定的文件内容。我们将主要关注如何从/proc文件夹中获取进程ID (PID)。
1. 文件系统和/proc文件夹
Linux操作系统的一个显著特点是它对文件和目录（文件夹）的处理方式。在Linux中，一切皆为文件 - 这包括硬件设备、进程信息、系统配置等。这些文件大多数都存储在/proc目录中。
1.1 /proc文件夹简介
/proc文件夹是一个伪文件系统，也被称为procfs。它并不在磁盘上存在，而是由内核在运行时动态创建。/proc文件夹包含了大量关于系统运行状态的信息，包括当前运行的所有进程的详细信息。每个进程都有一个以其PID命名的目录，里面包含了关于该进程的信息。
ls /proc
以上命令会列出/proc目录下的所有文件和子目录。可以看到很多数字命名的目录，这些就是当前运行的进程。
2. 使用C语言遍历文件夹
C语言提供了dirent.h库，它定义了DIR结构体以及一系列操作文件夹的函数。以下是一个基本的示例，展示了如何使用这个库来遍历一个目录：
#include <dirent.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
DIR *dir;
struct dirent *entry;
dir = opendir("/proc");
if (dir == NULL) {
perror("Unable to open directory");
return 1;
}
while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL)
printf("%s\n", entry->d_name);
closedir(dir);
return 0;
}
在此代码中，首先使用opendir函数打开目录。然后，在while循环中，使用readdir函数读取目录的每一项。最后，使用closedir函数关闭目录。
3. 在C语言中搜索文件内容
在遍历目录的同时，我们可能希望打开某些文件并读取它们的内容。下面是一个简单的示例，说明了如何在C语言中读取文件：
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *file;
char line[100];
file = fopen("/proc/cpuinfo", "r");
if (file == NULL) {
perror("Unable to open file");
return 1;
}
while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), file))
printf("%s", line);
fclose(file);
return 0;
}
在这段代码中，我们首先使用fopen函数以只读模式打开文件。然后，使用fgets函数读取文件的每一行，并将其输出到标准输出。最后，使用fclose函数关闭文件。
4. 获取进程PID
将上述两部分结合起来，我们可以遍历/proc文件夹，并从每个进程的status文件中获取PID。以下是一个简单的示例：
#include <dirent.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define PROC_DIR "/proc"
#define STATUS_FILENAME "status"
void read_status_file(const char *filepath) {
FILE *file;
char line[256];
file = fopen(filepath, "r");
if (file == NULL) {
perror("Unable to open file");
return;
}
while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), file)) {
if (strncmp(line, "Pid:", 4) == 0) {
printf("%s", line);
break;
}
}
fclose(file);
}
void list_proc_dir() {
DIR *dir;
struct dirent *entry;
char status_filepath[PATH_MAX];
dir = opendir(PROC_DIR);
if (dir == NULL) {
perror("Unable to open directory");
return;
}
while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
snprintf(status_filepath, sizeof(status_filepath), "%s/%s/%s", PROC_DIR, entry->d_name, STATUS_FILENAME);
read_status_file(status_filepath);
}
closedir(dir);
}
int main() {
list_proc_dir();
return 0;
}
在此代码中，我们首先遍历/proc文件夹，然后对于每个进程目录，我们构造status文件的路径，并尝试打开它。如果成功打开文件，我们读取每一行，直到找到以"Pid:"开头的行。找到后，我们打印这一行并停止读取文件。
这是一个非常基础的示例，实际应用中可能需要进行更复杂的处理，例如错误处理、处理符号链接、忽略非进程目录等。
参考资料
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