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SELECT(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SELECT(2)
NAME
select, pselect, FD_CLR, FD_ISSET, FD_SET, FD_ZERO - synchronous I/O multiplexing //同步 I/O 多路复用
SYNOPSIS
/* According to POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008 */
#include <sys/select.h>
/* According to earlier standards */
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
void FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set);
int FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set);
void FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set);
void FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);
#include <sys/select.h>
int pselect(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
fd_set *exceptfds, const struct timespec *timeout,
const sigset_t *sigmask);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
pselect(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 600
DESCRIPTION
select() and pselect() allow a program to monitor multiple file descriptors, waiting until one or more of the file descriptors become "ready" for some
class of I/O operation (e.g., input possible). A file descriptor is considered ready if it is possible to perform a corresponding I/O operation (e.g.,
read(2) without blocking, or a sufficiently small write(2)).
The operation of select() and pselect() is identical, other than these three differences:
(i) select() uses a timeout that is a struct timeval (with seconds and microseconds), while pselect() uses a struct timespec (with seconds and nanosec‐
onds).
(ii) select() may update the timeout argument to indicate how much time was left. pselect() does not change this argument.
(iii) select() has no sigmask argument, and behaves as pselect() called with NULL sigmask.
Three independent sets of file descriptors are watched. Those listed in readfds will be watched to see if characters become available for reading (more
precisely, to see if a read will not block; in particular, a file descriptor is also ready on end-of-file), those in writefds will be watched to see if
space is available for write (though a large write may still block), and those in exceptfds will be watched for exceptions. On exit, the sets are modified
in place to indicate which file descriptors actually changed status. Each of the three file descriptor sets may be specified as NULL if no file descrip‐
tors are to be watched for the corresponding class of events.
Four macros are provided to manipulate the sets. FD_ZERO() clears a set. FD_SET() and FD_CLR() respectively add and remove a given file descriptor from a
set. FD_ISSET() tests to see if a file descriptor is part of the set; this is useful after select() returns.
nfds is the highest-numbered file descriptor in any of the three sets, plus 1.
The timeout argument specifies the interval that select() should block waiting for a file descriptor to become ready. The call will block until either:
* a file descriptor becomes ready;
* the call is interrupted by a signal handler; or
* the timeout expires.
Note that the timeout interval will be rounded up to the system clock granularity, and kernel scheduling delays mean that the blocking interval may overrun
by a small amount. If both fields of the timeval structure are zero, then select() returns immediately. (This is useful for polling.) If timeout is NULL
(no timeout), select() can block indefinitely.
sigmask is a pointer to a signal mask (see sigprocmask(2)); if it is not NULL, then pselect() first replaces the current signal mask by the one pointed to
by sigmask, then does the "select" function, and then restores the original signal mask.
Other than the difference in the precision of the timeout argument, the following pselect() call:
ready = pselect(nfds, &readfds, &writefds, &exceptfds,
timeout, &sigmask);
is equivalent to atomically executing the following calls:
sigset_t origmask;
pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &sigmask, &origmask);
ready = select(nfds, &readfds, &writefds, &exceptfds, timeout);
pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &origmask, NULL);
The reason that pselect() is needed is that if one wants to wait for either a signal or for a file descriptor to become ready, then an atomic test is
needed to prevent race conditions. (Suppose the signal handler sets a global flag and returns. Then a test of this global flag followed by a call of
select() could hang indefinitely if the signal arrived just after the test but just before the call. By contrast, pselect() allows one to first block sig‐
nals, handle the signals that have come in, then call pselect() with the desired sigmask, avoiding the race.)
The timeout
The time structures involved are defined in <sys/time.h> and look like
struct timeval {
long tv_sec; /* seconds */
long tv_usec; /* microseconds */
};
and
struct timespec {
long tv_sec; /* seconds */
long tv_nsec; /* nanoseconds */
};
(However, see below on the POSIX.1 versions.)
Some code calls select() with all three sets empty, nfds zero, and a non-NULL timeout as a fairly portable way to sleep with subsecond precision.
On Linux, select() modifies timeout to reflect the amount of time not slept; most other implementations do not do this. (POSIX.1 permits either behavior.)
This causes problems both when Linux code which reads timeout is ported to other operating systems, and when code is ported to Linux that reuses a struct
timeval for multiple select()s in a loop without reinitializing it. Consider timeout to be undefined after select() returns.
RETURN VALUE
On success, select() and pselect() return the number of file descriptors contained in the three returned descriptor sets (that is, the total number of bits
that are set in readfds, writefds, exceptfds) which may be zero if the timeout expires before anything interesting happens. On error, -1 is returned, and
errno is set to indicate the error; the file descriptor sets are unmodified, and timeout becomes undefined.
//成功时，select() 和 pselect() 返回包含在三个返回的描述符集中的文件描述符的数量（即readfds、writefds、exceptfds中设置的总位数），如果在任何有趣的事情发生之前超时到期，则可能为零。
//出错时返回-1，设置errno表示错误； 文件描述符集未修改，超时未定义。
ERRORS
EBADF An invalid file descriptor was given in one of the sets. (Perhaps a file descriptor that was already closed, or one on which an error has
occurred.)
//在其中一组中给出了无效的文件描述符。
//（可能是已经关闭的文件描述符，或者发生了错误的文件描述符。）
EINTR A signal was caught; see signal(7).
//信号被捕获； 见信号（7）。
EINVAL nfds is negative or exceeds the RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit (see getrlimit(2)).
//nfds 为负数或超过 RLIMIT_NOFILE 资源限制（请参阅 getrlimit(2)）。
EINVAL the value contained within timeout is invalid.
//timeout 中包含的值无效。
ENOMEM unable to allocate memory for internal tables.
//无法为内部表分配内存。
VERSIONS
pselect() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16. Prior to this, pselect() was emulated in glibc (but see BUGS).
CONFORMING TO
select() conforms to POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, and 4.4BSD (select() first appeared in 4.2BSD). Generally portable to/from non-BSD systems supporting
clones of the BSD socket layer (including System V variants). However, note that the System V variant typically sets the timeout variable before exit, but
the BSD variant does not.
pselect() is defined in POSIX.1g, and in POSIX.1-2001 and POSIX.1-2008.
NOTES
An fd_set is a fixed size buffer. Executing FD_CLR() or FD_SET() with a value of fd that is negative or is equal to or larger than FD_SETSIZE will result
in undefined behavior. Moreover, POSIX requires fd to be a valid file descriptor.
Concerning the types involved, the classical situation is that the two fields of a timeval structure are typed as long (as shown above), and the structure
is defined in <sys/time.h>. The POSIX.1 situation is
struct timeval {
time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */
suseconds_t tv_usec; /* microseconds */
};
where the structure is defined in <sys/select.h> and the data types time_t and suseconds_t are defined in <sys/types.h>.
Concerning prototypes, the classical situation is that one should include <time.h> for select(). The POSIX.1 situation is that one should include
<sys/select.h> for select() and pselect().
Under glibc 2.0, <sys/select.h> gives the wrong prototype for pselect(). Under glibc 2.1 to 2.2.1, it gives pselect() when _GNU_SOURCE is defined. Since
glibc 2.2.2, the requirements are as shown in the SYNOPSIS.
Multithreaded applications
If a file descriptor being monitored by select() is closed in another thread, the result is unspecified. On some UNIX systems, select() unblocks and
returns, with an indication that the file descriptor is ready (a subsequent I/O operation will likely fail with an error, unless another the file descrip‐
tor reopened between the time select() returned and the I/O operations was performed). On Linux (and some other systems), closing the file descriptor in
another thread has no effect on select(). In summary, any application that relies on a particular behavior in this scenario must be considered buggy.
C library/kernel differences
The pselect() interface described in this page is implemented by glibc. The underlying Linux system call is named pselect6(). This system call has some‐
what different behavior from the glibc wrapper function.
The Linux pselect6() system call modifies its timeout argument. However, the glibc wrapper function hides this behavior by using a local variable for the
timeout argument that is passed to the system call. Thus, the glibc pselect() function does not modify its timeout argument; this is the behavior required
by POSIX.1-2001.
The final argument of the pselect6() system call is not a sigset_t * pointer, but is instead a structure of the form:
struct {
const sigset_t *ss; /* Pointer to signal set */
size_t ss_len; /* Size (in bytes) of object pointed
to by 'ss' */
};
This allows the system call to obtain both a pointer to the signal set and its size, while allowing for the fact that most architectures support a maximum
of 6 arguments to a system call.
BUGS
Glibc 2.0 provided a version of pselect() that did not take a sigmask argument.
Starting with version 2.1, glibc provided an emulation of pselect() that was implemented using sigprocmask(2) and select(). This implementation remained
vulnerable to the very race condition that pselect() was designed to prevent. Modern versions of glibc use the (race-free) pselect() system call on ker‐
nels where it is provided.
On systems that lack pselect(), reliable (and more portable) signal trapping can be achieved using the self-pipe trick. In this technique, a signal han‐
dler writes a byte to a pipe whose other end is monitored by select() in the main program. (To avoid possibly blocking when writing to a pipe that may be
full or reading from a pipe that may be empty, nonblocking I/O is used when reading from and writing to the pipe.)
Under Linux, select() may report a socket file descriptor as "ready for reading", while nevertheless a subsequent read blocks. This could for example hap‐
pen when data has arrived but upon examination has wrong checksum and is discarded. There may be other circumstances in which a file descriptor is spuri‐
ously reported as ready. Thus it may be safer to use O_NONBLOCK on sockets that should not block.
On Linux, select() also modifies timeout if the call is interrupted by a signal handler (i.e., the EINTR error return). This is not permitted by POSIX.1.
The Linux pselect() system call has the same behavior, but the glibc wrapper hides this behavior by internally copying the timeout to a local variable and
passing that variable to the system call.
EXAMPLE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int
main(void)
{
fd_set rfds;
struct timeval tv;
int retval;
/* Watch stdin (fd 0) to see when it has input. */
FD_ZERO(&rfds);
FD_SET(0, &rfds);
/* Wait up to five seconds. */
tv.tv_sec = 5;
tv.tv_usec = 0;
retval = select(1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
/* Don't rely on the value of tv now! */
if (retval == -1)
perror("select()");
else if (retval)
printf("Data is available now.\n");
/* FD_ISSET(0, &rfds) will be true. */
else
printf("No data within five seconds.\n");
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
SEE ALSO
accept(2), connect(2), poll(2), read(2), recv(2), restart_syscall(2), send(2), sigprocmask(2), write(2), epoll(7), time(7)
For a tutorial with discussion and examples, see select_tut(2).
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.04 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version
of this page, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2015-07-23 SELECT(2)
Manual page select(2) line 209/250 (END) (press h for help or q to quit)
20230816
Linux中C语言的select()函数
select()是Linux系统调用函数，主要用于监控多个文件描述符的状态变化。它允许程序等待一组文件描述符中的任何一个进入就绪状态，然后进行相关处理。
目录
函数原型和参数解释
首先来看看select函数的原型：
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
参数解释：
nfds：需要监视的文件描述符数量。readfds：读取文件描述符集合。writefds：写入文件描述符集合。exceptfds：异常文件描述符集合。timeout：指定等待时间。
使用示例
接下来，我们将通过一个简单的示例来展示如何使用select函数。这个示例将创建一个套接字，并使用select函数来等待客户端连接。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#define PORT 8080
#define MAX_CLIENTS 5
int main()
{
int listenfd = 0, connfd = 0;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
fd_set read_fds;
// 创建监听套接字
listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
memset(&serv_addr, '0', sizeof(serv_addr));
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
bind(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr));
listen(listenfd, MAX_CLIENTS);
while(1) {
FD_ZERO(&read_fds);
FD_SET(listenfd, &read_fds);
select(listenfd + 1, &read_fds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (FD_ISSET(listenfd, &read_fds)) {
connfd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)NULL, NULL);
printf("New client connected\n");
}
}
return 0;
}
与poll(), epoll()比较
虽然select函数在许多情况下都很有用，但其也存在一些局限性：
- 文件描述符的数量受到FD_SETSIZE的限制。
- 每次调用select函数都需要重新设置文件描述符集和超时值。
- 对文件描述符的操作（例如添加、删除）效率不高。
因此，Linux提供了两种更有效的I/O多路复用机制：poll和epoll。
poll()
poll函数的功能与select类似，但没有最大文件描述符数的限制，并且不会修改文件描述符集或超时值。下面是poll函数的原型：
#include <poll.h>
int poll(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds, int timeout);
epoll()
epoll则提供了一种更高效的事件通知机制。与select和poll需要遍历整个文件描述符集不同，epoll只会通知应用程序哪些文件描述符发生了事件。此外，epoll还支持"边缘触发"模式，这使得它可以处理更高的并发负载。
以下是epoll相关函数的原型：
#include <sys/epoll.h>
int epoll_create(int size);
int epoll_ctl(int epfd, int op, int fd, struct epoll_event *event);
int epoll_wait(int epfd, struct epoll_event *events, int maxevents, int timeout);
总结
select()函数是一种常见的I/O多路复用技术，适用于对多个文件描述符进行监听和处理。虽然其存在一些局限性，但仍被广泛应用于各种网络编程场景。对于更高级的需求，可以考虑使用poll或epoll代替。
参考资料：
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