软件工程复习
适用对象:南邮计算机学院全部专业,计科为双语教学,其他专业为中文教学可适当参考
题型:判断题(T/F, 5题,10分),问题分析(5题,30分),理解与沟通(3题,30分),分析设计(2题,30分)
开卷考试,英文答题
往年试卷:传送门
想要文件可私信(收取一定费用)
零、常用英语词汇
多态 Polymorphism
利益相关者 stateholder
版型 stereotype
基于构件的软件工程 Component-Based Software Engineering, CBSE
体系结构原型 Archetype
增量 increment
重构 refactor
原型 Prototyping(旨在快速构建软件系统的一个或多个初步版本,供用户和开发团队评估和反馈。原型的主要目的是在开发早期阶段验证需求、设计和功能,减少项目风险,确保最终产品满足用户需求。)
CRC (类-职责-协作者 是一种面向对象的设计工具,用于描述类、它们的职责和它们之间的协作。)
一、软件和软件工程(第一章)
1.软件和硬件的区别(P5-6)
Software is developed or engineered it is not manufactured in the classical sense.
Software doesn’t “wear out” but it does deteriorate.
Although the industry is moving toward component-based construction, most software continues to be custom-built.
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硬件是可替换的(零件统一标准,例如自行车的脚蹬坏了可以直接用一个新的脚蹬替换),软件是需要理解用户需求的基础上产生的。
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软件的要求比较高,不能大规模生产,要根据不同客户的需求进行生产。(用户提出需求,开发者确定需求)
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目前软件的发展方向是组件式发展,即可以修改部分模块。
软件=程序+数据+文档

软件和硬件失效率的解释:
硬件失效率曲线(左图):
- 硬件的失效率随着时间的推移表现为一个“浴缸曲线”。
- 初始阶段的高失效率(称为“婴儿死亡率”),这是由于初期故障较多。
- 中期失效率较低且稳定。
- 最后阶段失效率再次升高,表示硬件开始“磨损”并逐渐失效。
软件失效率曲线(右图):
- 软件的失效率在初始阶段较高,主要由于早期的缺陷和错误。
- 随着时间推移,失效率下降,但并不会像硬件那样达到一个恒定的低值,而是随着修改和更新(如图中标注的“更改”)可能再次升高。
- 这种波动的失效率是由于每次修改可能引入新的错误,导致失效率上升,随后再下降到一个较低的水平,但不会完全稳定。
2.软件过程(P10-11)
分为框架活动(the process framework)和普适性活动(umbrella activities)
框架活动:沟通(communication)、计划(planning)、建模(modeling)、构建(construction)部署(deployment),是和产生软件产品直接相关的
普适性活动是管理的,和软件产品生产不直接相关,贯穿于整个项目过程(applied throughout a software project)
Description of the Five Framework Activities (6 points)
- Communication: Involves gathering requirements through stakeholder meetings, interviews, and discussions to understand the project goals and constraints.
- Planning: Entails defining the project scope, estimating costs, scheduling tasks, and allocating resources to create a project plan.
- Modeling: Focuses on creating design models, such as UML diagrams, to represent the system architecture and components.
- Construction: Involves the actual coding, testing, and debugging of the software components to build the system.
- Deployment: Includes delivering the completed software to users, providing documentation, and training, and ensuring the system operates as intended in its environment.
Adjustments for Different Projects (9 points)
- Project Size: Smaller projects may require less formal communication and modeling activities, while larger projects may need detailed planning and comprehensive modeling.
- Team Experience: Experienced teams might streamline certain activities, while less experienced teams may need more detailed documentation and reviews.
- Project Complexity: Complex projects may require more iterative modeling and testing phases, whereas simpler projects can move more linearly through the phases.
- Stakeholder Involvement: Projects with high stakeholder involvement may need more frequent communication and feedback loops.
- Risk Management: High-risk projects might require more extensive planning and risk mitigation strategies.
- Timeline Constraints: Projects with tight deadlines may need to prioritize key features and possibly adopt agile methodologies for iterative development.
3.软件工程的本质(P12)
Understand the problem (communication and analysis).
Plan a solution (modeling and software design).
Carry out the plan (code generation).
Examine result for accuracy (testing & quality assurance).
理解问题(需求分析)、制定计划(需求建模和软件设计)、执行计划(生产代码)、检查结果(测试准确性)
4.软件工程的设计原则(P14-15)
The Reason It All Exists - provide value to users.
KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid!) - design simple as it can be.
Maintain the Vision – clear vision is essential.
What You Produce, Others Will Consume.
Be Open to the Future - do not design yourself into a corner.
Plan Ahead for Reuse – reduces cost and increases value.
Think! – placing thought before action produce results.
最重要的两条规则:
1.面向未来(Be Open to the Future):体系结构的设计
例如女士养宠物的例子中,目前女士提出的是养猫,但是如果只实现养猫的话,不具有可扩展性,即无法面向未来,所以应该实现宠物的抽象类,这样以后女士提出养狗、鸟等不同宠物时,不用修改太多,这里就是用到了多态的概念
2.提前计划复用(Plan Ahead for Reuse):降低项目成本,提升价值
包括知识复用(分析结果复用,即分析模型)、方法复用(设计结果复用,设计模型)、软件成分复用(代码复用),继承是共性局限性大(共性东西少),结构化关联
5.封装、继承、多态
程序中实现多态(同样的行为调用不同的服务)的方法:
子类继承父类(子类重写父类的方法,父类的变量指向子类的对象)
具体类实现接口 (具体类重写接口的方法,用接口类指向具体类的对象)
Inheritance:
- The subclass overrides methods of the superclass.
- The superclass reference points to the subclass object.
Implementation:
- The concrete class overrides methods of the interface.
- The interface reference points to the concrete class object.
动态联编(dynamic binding)和滞后联编(late binding)是多态的概念,表示只有程序运行起来的时候才能真正确定子类对象,如女士养宠物中,宠物是一个抽象类,有猫狗等具体实现类,只有运行调用的时候才能知道是猫还是狗
静态联编(static binding)是重载的概念,编译过程就已经确定,不会涉及抽象类的变量
重载实现:
public class Driver {
private String name;
public Driver(String name) {
super();
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void drive(Car c) {
c.go(new Address("东北"));
}
public void drive(Car c, Address dest) {
c.go(dest);
}
}
多态实现:
public class Driver {
private String name;
public Driver(String name) {
super();
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void drive(Vihecle v) {
v.go(new Address("东北"));
}
public void drive(Vihecle v, Address dest) {
v.go(dest);
}
}
public class Address {
private String name;
public Address(String name) {
super();
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
public abstract class Vihecle {
public abstract void go(Address dest);
}
public class Car extends Vihecle {
public void go(Address dest) {
System.out.println("一路向北,驾着车,去了" + dest.getName());
}
}
public class SubClass extends Vihecle {
public void go(Address dest) {
// 实现略
}
}
public class Broom extends Vihecle {
public void go(Address dest) {
System.out.println("一骑扫帚上,笑呵呵,去了" + dest.getName());
}
}
public class Test


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