一些重要式子
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∑ i = 0 ∞ x i = 1 1 − x \sum_{i=0}^{\infty}x^i=\frac{1}{1-x} ∑i=0∞xi=1−x1
推论:
1 1 − a x = ∑ i = 0 ∞ a i x i \frac{1}{1-ax}=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}a^ix^i 1−ax1=∑i=0∞aixi
1 1 − x k = ∑ i = 0 ∞ x i k \frac{1}{1-x^k}=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}x^{ik} 1−xk1=∑i=0∞xik
1 1 − c x k = ∑ i = 0 ∞ c i x i k \frac{1}{1-cx^k}=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}c^ix^{ik} 1−cxk1=∑i=0∞cixik -
( 1 − x ) n = ∑ i = 0 n ( − 1 ) i ( n i ) x i (1-x)^n=\sum_{i=0}^{n}(-1)^i\dbinom{n}{i}x^i (1−x)n=∑i=0n(−1)i(in)xi
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1 ( 1 − x c ) k = ( ∑ i = 0 ∞ x i c ) k = ∑ i = 0 ∞ ( i + k − 1 k − 1 ) x i c = ∑ i = 0 ∞ ( i + k − 1 i ) x i c \frac{1}{(1-x^c)^k}=(\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}x^{ic})^k=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}\dbinom{i+k-1}{k-1}x^{ic}=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}\dbinom{i+k-1}{i}x^{ic} (1−xc)k1=(∑i=0∞xic)k=∑i=0∞(k−1i+k−1)xic=∑i=0∞(ii+k−1)xic
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∑ i = 1 ∞ x i i = ln 1 1 − x = − ln ( 1 − x ) \sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^i}{i}=\ln \frac{1}{1-x}=-\ln (1-x) ∑i=1∞ixi=ln1−x1=−ln(1−x)
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∑ i = 0 ∞ x i i ! = e x \sum_{i=0}^{\infty}\frac{x^i}{i!}=e^x ∑i=0∞i!xi=ex
推论:
e c x = ∑ i = 0 ∞ c i x i i ! e^{cx}=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}\frac{c^ix^i}{i!} ecx=∑i=0∞i!cixi
e − x = ∑ i = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) i x i i ! e^{-x}=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^ix^i}{i!} e−x=∑i=0∞i!(−1)ixi
e x + e − x 2 = ∑ i = 0 ∞ [ 2 ∣ i ] x i i ! \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}[2|i]\frac{x^i}{i!} 2ex+e−x=∑i=0∞[2∣i]i!xi
单位根反演 -
( 1 + x ) a = ∑ i = 0 ∞ a i ‾ x i i ! (1+x)^a=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}a^{\underline{i}}\frac{x^i}{i!} (1+x)a=∑i=0∞aii!xi
构造幂级数的小技巧
- 平移:
- 拉伸:
常系数其次线性递推
假设对于数列 F F F和递推系数 C C C,当 n ≥ k n\geq k n≥k时有 ∑ i = 0 k C [ i ] F [ n − i ] = 0 \sum_{i=0}^{k}C[i]F[n-i]=0 ∑i=0kC[i]F[n−i]=0,则称 F F F满足 ( k k k阶 ) 线性常系数递推关系。
令 F ( x ) F(x) F(x)为 F [ n ] F[n] F[n]的 O G F OGF OGF。
考虑构造 F t ( x ) F_t(x) Ft(x),令 [ x n ] F t ( x ) = [ n ≥ k ] C [ t ] F [ n − t ] [x^n]F_t(x)=[n\geq k]C[t]F[n-t] [xn]Ft(x)=[n≥k]C[t]F[n−t],则 F t ( x ) = C [ t ] x t ∑ i = k − t ∞ F [ i ] x i = C [ t ] x t ( F ( x ) − ∑ i = 0 k − t − 1 F [ i ] x i ) F_t(x)=C[t]x^t\sum_{i=k-t}^{\infty}F[i]x^i=C[t]x^t(F(x)-\sum_{i=0}^{k-t-1}F[i]x^i) Ft(x)=C[t]xti=k−t∑∞F[i]xi=C[t]xt(F(x)−i=0∑k−t−1F[i]xi)
由
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[n\geq k]\sum_{i=0}^{k}C[i]F[n-i]=0
[n≥k]∑i=0kC[i]F[n−i]=0 知,
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∑t=0kFt(x)=0,即
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\sum_{t=0}^{k}C[t]x^t(F(x)-\sum_{i=0}^{k-t-1}F[i]x^i)=0
t=0∑kC[t]xt(F(x)−i=0∑k−t−1F[i]xi)=0
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(\sum_{t=0}^{k}C[t]x^t)F(x)=\sum_{t=0}^{k-1}C[t]x^t\sum_{i=0}^{k-t-1}F[i]x^i
(t=0∑kC[t]xt)F(x)=t=0∑k−1C[t]xti=0∑k−t−1F[i]xi
能够发现左侧出现了一次
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C(x)。右侧的余项,次数小于
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P(x)。
则得到 C ( x ) F ( x ) = P ( x ) C(x)F(x)=P(x) C(x)F(x)=P(x),即 F ( x ) = P ( x ) C ( x ) F(x)=\frac{P(x)}{C(x)} F(x)=C(x)P(x)。
分式分解
这里介绍的是作用类似的代替品。
考虑找出 k , p k,p k,p 使得 C ( x ) ∣ ( 1 − x k ) p C(x)∣(1-x^k)^p C(x)∣(1−xk)p,记 A ( x ) = ( 1 − x k ) p C ( x ) A(x)=\frac{(1-x^k)^p}{C(x)} A(x)=C(x)(1−xk)p。
则 F ( x ) = A ( x ) P ( x ) ( 1 − x k ) p F(x)=\frac{A(x)P(x)}{(1-x^k)^p} F(x)=(1−xk)pA(x)P(x)。 A ( x ) P ( x ) A(x)P(x) A(x)P(x) 和 ( 1 − x k ) p (1−x^k)^p (1−xk)p 的卷积是容易被表示的。